2025, vol. 13, no. 2. Ganiev R.T., Butsyk P.I., Khamzin I.R.

2025, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 313-345

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2025-13-2.313-345

EDN: https://elibrary.ru/KNJFIC

   INFORMATION ABOUT THE “TATARS” IN MEDIEVAL
CHINESE, MONGOLIAN AND ANCIENT TURKISH SOURCES
(5th – 14th CENTURIES)

R.T. Ganiev * , P.I. Butsyk, I.R. Khamzin
Ural Federal University
Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
* rusthist@yandex.ru

Abstract. The article studies the ethnonym “Tatar” in the dynastic histories “Wei shu”, “Song shu”, “Sui shu”, “Jiu Tang shu”, “Xin Tang shu”, “Jiu Wu dai shi”, “Xin Wu dai shi”, “Liao shi”, “Song shi”, “Letters to the Uyghurs” by Li Deyu, “History of the Khitan State” by Ye Longli, “Various Official and Unofficial Records of the [Events] of the Reign of Jianyang” by Li Xinchuan, the dynastic histories “Yuan shi”, “Xin Yuan shi” and “Ming shi”, the works “Hei da shi lue”, “Meng da bei lu”, and the only Mongolian (Tatar) source “Yuan chao bi shi”. Materials from the ancient Turkic Orkhon monuments of the 8th century are also used. The study establishes that the term “Tatar” first appeared in the dynastic chronicle “Wei Shu” among the Rouran tribe as the proper name of Khagan Mouhanheshengai (414–429). Later, the term “Tatar” in Chinese sources denoted the tribes living in the territory of eastern Mongolia and northeastern China. The hieroglyphic designation of the ethnonym “Tatar” changed repeatedly during the 5th – early 14th centuries, more than 10 hieroglyphic records of “Tatar” have been established. With the formation of the Mongol Empire, along with the ethnonym “Tatar”, the names “Mongol-Tatars” and “Mongols” appear in the sources, although in the dynastic chronicle “Ming Shi”, they are recognized as identical. Dynastic histories contain the official point of view of Chinese chroniclers on the Mongol period. The use of the terms “Tatars” and “Mongols” in them may reflect both real ethnic differences and the political situation. The account of the origin of “Tatars” from the Shatuo Turks, indicated in “Meng da bei lu”, contradicts earlier historical information. It has also been established that in the original version of the work, “Yuan chao bi shi”, the narration is on behalf of the “Mongols”, but in the Chinese translation “Tatars” are indicated. The issue of using the name “Mongol” instead of “Tatars” is a subject to debate in domestic and foreign historiography. Chinese scholars cite the derogatory connotation of the term “Tatar” (barbarian) as the reason for its use, while the authors of “Hei da shi lue” offer an alternative version.

Keywords: Tatars, Turks, Shatuo Turks, Eastern Turks, Tujue, Mongols, Mongol-Tatars, Mohe, Central Asia, Genghis Khan

For citation: Ganiev R.T., Butsyk P.I., Khamzin I.R. Information about the “Tatars” in medieval Chinese, Mongolian and ancient Turkish sources (5th–14th centuries). Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2025, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 313–345. https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2025-13-2.313-345 (In Russian)

REFERENCES

  1. Avlyaev G. O. Origin of the Kalmyk people. 2nd edition. Revised. and corrected. Elista: Kalmyk Book Publishing House, 2002. 325 p.
  2. Baskakov N. A. Models of Turkic ethnonyms and their typological classification. Onomastics of the East. Moscow, 1980. 285 p.
  3. Bei shi. Chapter 90. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7090 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  4. Bei shi. Chapter 94. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    zh-hans/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7094 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  5. Wei shu. Chapter 100. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7100 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  6. Wei shu. Chapter 103. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7103 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  7. Twenty-four dynasty histories. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%B2 (date of access: 23.01.2025)
  8. Giovanni del Plano Carpini. History of the Mongols. Guillaume de Rubruck. Journey to the Eastern Countries. Translated by A. I. Malein. Moscow: State Publishing House of Geographical Literature, 1957. 270 p.
  9. Ye Long-li. History of the Khitan State (Qidan guo zhi). Vol. 25. Translation from Chinese, introduction, commentary and appendix by V. S. Taskin. Moscow: Nauka, 1979. 607 p.
  10. Ye Long-li. History of the Khitan State (Qidan guo zhi). [electronic resource]. URL: https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=940149&remap=gb (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  11. Zoriktuev B. R. On the issue of two Mongolian states at the beginning of the 13th century. Scientific dialogue. 2020, vol. 11, pp. 379–395.
  12. Extracts from “Ming shi”. [electronic resource]. URL: https://www.vostlit.info/
    Texts/Dokumenty/China/XVII/1680-1700/Kit_ist_Sr_az/1-20/6.htm (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  13. Klyashtorny S. G. History of Central Asia and monuments of runic writing. St. Petersburg: Philological Faculty of St. Petersburg State University, 2003. 560 p.
  14. Li Deyu. Letters to the Uyghurs. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B3%9C%E5%9B%9E%E9%B6%BB%E5%97%A2%E6%B2%92%
    E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%A4%E7%AD%89%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  15. Li Xinchuan. Important Records of the [Events] of the Jianyan Reign (1127). [Electronic resource]. URL: https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=464983
    &remap=gb (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  16. Li Xinchuan. Various official and unofficial records of [events] during the reign of Jianyan (1127). [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/
    %E5%BB%BA%E7%82%8E%E4%BB%A5%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%9D%E9%87%8E%E9%9B%9C%
    E8%A8%98/%E4%B9%99%E9%9B%86/%E5%8D%B7%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  17. Liao shi. Chapter 1. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    zh-hans/%E9%81%BC%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B71 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  18. Liao shi. Chapter 4. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    zh-hans/%E9%81%BC%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B74 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  19. Liao shi. Chapter 14. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E9%81%BC%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B714 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  20. Liao shi. Chapter 30. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E9%81%BC%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B730 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  21. Liao shi. Chapter 69. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E9%81%BC%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B769 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  22. Malov S. E. Monuments of ancient Turkic writing of Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan. Moscow-Leningrad, 1959, pp. 11–25.
  23. Malov S. E. Monuments of ancient Turkic writing. Texts and studies. Moscow, Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Publ., 1951, pp. 36–38.
  24. Ming shi. Chapter 77. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B777 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  25. Ming shi. Chapter 146. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7146 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  26. Ming shi. Chapter 238. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7238 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  27. Ming shi. Chapter 311. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7311 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  28. Ming shi. Chapter 327. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7327 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  29. Ming shi. Chapter 332. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7332 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  30. Munkuev N. Ts. About “Meng-da bei-lu” and “Hei-da shi-lyue” – notes of Chinese travelers of the 13th century about the ancient Mongols. China. Japan: History and Philology. Moscow, 1961, pp. 80–92.
  31. Meng da bei lu. [electronic resource]. URL: https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=
    en&chapter=730764&remap=gb (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  32. Meng-da bei-lu: [Full description of the Mongol-Tatars]. Translation, introduction, commentary and appendix by N.Ts. Munkuev. Moscow: Nauka, 1975. 285 p. (Written monuments of the East. Vol. 26).
  33. Nesterov A. G. The Shato Turks and the Late Tang Turkic Empire in China in the First Third of the Tenth Century. Mir Evrazii. 2013, no. 4 (23), pp. 41–44.
  34. Review by B. I. Pankratov of The Secret Legend by S.A. Kozin. [electronic resource]. URL: https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus10/Sokr_skaz_II/vved.phtml?id=9634 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  35. Genealogical tree of the Turks. Work of Abul-Ghazi, Khan of Khiva. News of the Society of Archeology, History and Ethnography at the Imperial Kazan University. Kazan. Vol. 21, Iss. 5, 1907. 336 p.
  36. Xin Tang shu. Chapter 43. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org
    /zh-hans/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7043%E4%B8%8B (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  37. Xin Tang shu. Chapter 218. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7218 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  38. Xin Tang shu. Chapter 219. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    zh-hans/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7219 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  39. Xin Wu Dai Shi. Chapter 4. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    zh-hans/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B704 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  40. Xin Wu Dai Shi. Chapter 12. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%
    B2/%E5%8D%B712 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  41. Xin Wu Dai Shi. Chapter 14. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%
    B2/%E5%8D%B714 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  42. Xin Wu Dai Shi. Chapter 74. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B774 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  43. Xin Yuan shi. Chapter 1. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7001 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  44. Xin Yuan shi. Chapter 28. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7028 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  45. The Secret History of the Mongols. Preface. [electronic resource]. URL: https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus10/Sokr_skaz/pred.phtml?id=4412 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  46. The Secret History of the Mongols. Chapters 1–3. [electronic resource]. URL: https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus10/Sokr_skaz/text1.phtml?id=4413 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  47. The Secret History of the Mongols. Chapters 4–6. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus10/Sokr_skaz/text2.phtml?id=4414 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  48. The Secret Legend of the Mongols. Chapters 7–9. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus10/Sokr_skaz/text3.phtml?id=4415 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  49. The Secret Legend of the Mongols. Yuan chao mi shi. Volume 4. Part Two. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus10/Sokr_skaz_III/
    frametext2.htm (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  50. The Secret Legend of the Mongols. Yuan-chao-mi-shi. Volume 4. Part one. [electronic resource]. URL: https://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus10/Sokr_skaz_III/
    frametext1.htm (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  51. Secret Legend. Mongolian Chronicle of 1240 under the title Mongrol-un Niručа tobčiyаn. Yuan Chao Bi Shi. Mongolian Everyday Miscellany. Translated by S.A. Kozin. Moscow-Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Publ., 1941. 619 p.
  52. Sui shu. Chapter 39. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B739 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  53. Sui shu. Chapter 81. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B781 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  54. Song shi. Chapter 485. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%AE%8B%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7485 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  55. Song shu. Chapter 95. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B795 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  56. Ushnitsky V. V. Central Asian Tatars: Issues of Ethnic History and Ethnogenesis. Turkological Studies. 2019, vol. 2. no. 1, pp. 5–12.
  57. Ushnitsky V. V. Historical Fate of the Tatars of Central Asia. Golden Horde Civilization. 2017, Iss. 10, pp. 92–95.
  58. Hoyt S. K. Kereits in the Ethnogenesis of the Peoples of Eurasia: Historiography of the Problem. Elista: Kalmyk Publishing House. University, 2008. 82 p.
  59. Hey da shi lue. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E9%BB%91%E9%9F%83%E4%BA%8B%E7%95%A5 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  60. “Hey da shi lue”: a source on the history of the Mongols of the 13th century. Edited by A. Sh. Kadyrbaev. Moscow: Nauka, Vostochnaya literatura. 2016. 254 p.
  61. Zizhi tongjian. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://www.gushiwen.cn/
    guwen/bookv_518d2b73c7bc.aspx (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  62. Jiu Tang shu. Chapter 18. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B718%E4%B8%8A (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  63. Jiu Tang shu. Chapter 19. [electronic [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%
    B719%E4%B8%8B (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  64. Jiu Tang shu. Chapter 180. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    zh-hans/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7180 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  65. Jiu Tang shu. Chapter 199. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    zh-hans/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7199%E4%B8%8B (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  66. Jiu Wu Dai Shi. Chapter 25. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B725 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  67. Jiu Wu Dai Shi. Chapter 39. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    zh-hans/%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B739 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  68. Yuan chao bi shi. [electronic resource]. Contents. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    zh-hans/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  69. Yuan chao bi shi. Chapter 3. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B703 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  70. Yuan chao bi shi. Chapter 4. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B704 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  71. Yuan chao bi shi. Chapter 5. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B705 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  72. Yuan chao bi shi. Chapter 9. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    zh-hans/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B709 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  73. Yuan shi. Chapter 1. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7001 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  74. Yuan shi. Chapter 4. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7004 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  75. Yuan shi. Chapter 26. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7026 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  76. Yuan shi. Chapter 29. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7029 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  77. Yuan shi. Chapter 30. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7030 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  78. Yuan shi. Chapter 115. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hans/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7115 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  79. Yuan shi. Chapter 131. [electronic resource]. URL: https://zh.wikisource.org/
    wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7131 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  80. Drompp M. R. Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire: A Docu­mentary History. Leiden-Boston, 2005. 265 p.
  81. Li Jiawei et al. The genome of an ancient Rouran individual reveals an important paternal lineage in the Donghu population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 2018, vol. 166 (4), pp. 895–905.
  82. 周少川．元代史学思想研究．北京：社会科学文献出版社 2001年． 第66．236页. Translated by Zhou Shaochuan. A Study of Historical Thought in the Yuan Dynasty. Beijing: Academic Press. 2001, pp. 66–236.
  83. 周松. 洪武朝塔滩蒙古与明朝的关系 // 中国边疆史地研究. 2011年. 第21(02). 60–67 页. Translation: Zhou Song. Relations between Tatar Mongolia and the Ming Dynasty during the reign of Hongwu // Studies on the history and geography of the Chinese borderland. Vol. 21, Iss. 2, 2011, pp. 60–67.
  84. 岑仲勉．达怛问题 // 中山大学学报. 1957 年. 第（3）. 114–142 页. Translation: Cen Zhongmian. The Tatar Problem // Journal of Sun Yat-sen University. Iss. 3, 1957, pp. 114–142.
  85. 白鳥庫吉訳『音訳蒙文元朝秘史』(東洋文庫,1943年). Translation: Shiratori Kurakichi. Translation of the Mongolian Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty. Toyobunko. 1943. [electronic resource]. URL: https://ja.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%A8%B3%E8%92%
    99%E6%96%87%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2/%E5%B7%BB%E4%B8%80-2#yam-smnt-pdfpage-50 (date accessed 23.01.2025)
  86. 那顺乌力吉. “阻卜” 的语源语义考 // 内蒙古民族大学学报: 社会科学版. 2005 年. 第31卷, 第6期. 7–11 页. Translation: Nashun Wuliji. Etymological and semantic study of “Zubu”. Journal of Inner Mongolia University by Nationality: Social Sciences Publication. 2005, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 7–11.
  87. 那顺乌力吉. 论“鞑靼”名称的演变 //内蒙古民族大学学报 （社会科学版）. 2008年. 第34卷. 第2期. 8–12 页. Translation: Nashun Wuliji. On the evolution of the name “Tatars”. Journal of Inner Mongolia University of Nationalities (social science publication). 2008, vol. 34, Iss. 2, pp. 8–12.

INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Rustam T. Ganiev – Associate Professor of the Department of Russian History, Head of the Laboratory of Natural Science Methods in Humanitarian Research, Ural Federal University (51, Lenin Ave., Yekaterinburg 620000, Russian Federation); ORCID: 0000-0003-4568-7179. E-mail: rusthist@yandex.ru

Polina I. Butsyk – Researcher at the Central Asian Research Center, Ural Federal Uni­versity (51, Lenin Ave., Yekaterinburg 620000, Russian Federation); translator at the publishing house “Buddadharma” (70, Mosfilmovskaya St., Moscow 119590, Russian Federation); ORCID: 0000-0002-6545-9045. E-mail: polina.vpg2010@yandex.ru

Ildar R. Khamzin – Associate Professor of the Department of History of Russia, Director of the Central Asian Research Center, Ural Federal University (51, Lenin Ave., Yekaterinburg 620000, Russian Federation); ORCID: 0000-0002-4967-0705. E-mail: ildar.hamzin1991@mail.ru

 Received  01.02.2025
Revised  28.05.2025
Accepted  03.06.2025