№ 4 2015

EARLY HUNGARIAN INFORMATION ABOUT THE MONGOL
WESTERN CAMPAIGN (1235–1242)

Roman Hautala
(Sh.Marjani Institute of History,
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan)
(University of Oulu)

The author of this article examines the origin of the primary information about the Mongol Western Campaign spread in the Kingdom of Hungary on the eve of the Mongol invasion of Eastern Europe. At the beginning of this article, the author pays particular attention to the information on the Mongol expansion, which appeared in the Hungarian Kingdom through the Cumans of southern Moldova. After that the author goes on to consider the earliest news about the beginning of the Mongol Western Campaign delivered to the Hungarian Kingdom by Catholic missionaries as a result of their persistent attempts to find a historic ancestral home of the western Hungarians.

The primary information about the beginning of the Mongol Western Campaign was brought to Europe by Dominican Friar Julian, after his return from a journey to the Trans-Volga Magyars in the late 1235. In addition to the valuable description of the Eastern European peoples on the eve of the Mongol invasion, Julian’s report on his first journey to the East contains interesting information about both the early Jochid expansion that preceded the Mongol Western Campaign and the arrival to the land of the Trans-Volga Magyars of the official representative of the Mongol power who informed the Magyars on the completion of the all-Mongolian kuriltai of 1235, which made the decision on the beginning of the Mongol campaign in the West.

In turn, the letter of Friar Julian written at the beginning of 1238 is repleted with information about the Mongol tactical warfare, previous military campaigns of Genghis Khan and Jochi, and the first Mongol conquest in the early stages of the Western campaign of Batu. But the most important news brought by Friar Julian in Hungary was an oral report of the Prince of Vladimir on the Mongol plans to attack the Hungarian Kingdom confirming both by the contents of the Batu’s ultimatum and eschatological interpretations of future events.

Keywords: history of the Mongol Empire, Mongol Western Campaign, Hungarian medieval sources, early Dominican missions to the east, ultimatums of the Mongol khans, eschatological perceptions of the Mongol invasions.

About the author: Roman Hautala – Senior Research Fellow, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh.Marjani Institute of History Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan; Postdoctoral researcher, Historical branch at the Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu, Ph.D. (History) (420014, Kremlin, entrance 5, Kazan, Russian Federation; 90014, Pentti Kaiteran st., 1, Oulu, Finland); virisequisque@hotmail.com

THE IMAGE OF THE TATAR-MONGOLS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE AND THE ILKHAN HORDE IN THE WRITINGS OF THE CRUSADES’ PROPAGANDISTS (FROM THE END OF THE 13^TH  TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 14^TH CENTURIES)

Alexandar Nikolov
(University of Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridski”)

By the end of the 13^th century, when the Tatar-Mongols were already well-known in Latin Europe, several experts in the Near East affairs tried to specify the real place of the Tatars of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhan Horde in the complicated geopolitical complex, related to the struggle for the liberation of the Holy Land and the Holy Sepulchre from the “yoke of the Saracens”. The experts had to explain to the Western European elites how they should perceive the two Western uluses of the formerly united Mongol Empire of the Chinggisids. The relations with the Golden Horde and the Ilkhans of Iran appeared to be of crucial importance for the liberation and preservation of the Holy Land. Thus, two images of the Tatars took shape gradually: that of potential enemies in the case of the Golden Horde, and the possible allies in the case of the Ilkhans. This text is dedicated to several treatises of these propagandists, unified under the title and the slogan De Recuperatione Terrae Sanctae. The main focus is on the treatises of Hayton of Corycus (“Flower of the Histories of the Orient”) and of Marino Sanudo Torsello (“The Secrets of the Faithful to the Cross”), where we could find extremely interesting information on the Western European image of the Tatars. Several other excerpts are included in the text, namely passages from the treatises of William Adam (“How to exterminate the Saracens”), Pseudo-Brocardus (“A Guideline of Organization of a Crusade”) and the founder of this genre – Fidenzio di Padova (“A Book for the Recovery of the Holy Land”), where the political and military tendencies are defined very clear. The evolution of the image of the Tatar-Mongols developed from “children of the Tartar” to “bonnes sauvages” and “global rulers”, that are able to handle even the holy cause of the liberation of the Promised Land of the Christian people.

Keywords: Tatar-Mongols, crusades, Golden Horde, Ilkhan Horde, genre “On the Recovery of the Holy Land”, propagandists.

About the author: Alexandar Nikolov Nikolov – Assoc. Professor, University of Sofia “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of History, Ph.D. (1504, Sofia, ”Tsar Osvoboditel” Bld. 15, Sofia, Bulgaria).

SOURCE OF INFORMATION OF RUKN AL-DIN BAYBARS
IN HIS DESCRIPTION OF THE CIVIL WAR IN THE GOLDEN HORDE
IN THE LATE 13^TH – EARLY 14^TH CENTURIES

A.A. Porsin
(Moscow Psychological and Social University)

The article examines the question of the identity of an anonymous informant of Rukn al-Din Baybars who witnessed both the last Nogai’s battle against Tokhta in 1299–1300 and the battle of the forces of the coalition led by Taz and Tunguz against Chaka in 1300–1301. The author concludes that the Baybars informant was a member of the Golden Horde elite and was close to the Nogai daughter Toguldzhа and her husband Taz. After khan Uzbek came to power and Taz and Tunguz were killed, the Golden Horde embassy was sent in Egypt with gifts including several captured opponents of a new Khan. It is possible, that among them was also a veteran of the war flared in the Golden Horde in the late 13^th – early 14^th century. Kinship with new Jochid elite that prevented to kill them without the threat of vendetta were the reason for this move. This embassy arrived in Egypt at the end of 1317. And probably after that the author included in “Zubdat al-Fikra” description of the war occured in ulus of Jochi in the late 13^th – early 14^th centuries.

Keywords: Golden Horde, Egypt, Nogai, Taz, Uzbek, Zubdat al-Fikra, Rukn al-Din Baybars, embassy, amanat.

About the author: Artem Aleksandrovich Porsin – Senior Lecturer, Branch of the Moscow Psychological and Social University, Cand. Sci. (History) (455049, Sovetskaya st., 195, building 3, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russian Federation); porsinart@gmail.com

CULT MONUMENTS IN THE GOLDEN HORDE
(ORIGIN, EVOLUTION AND TRADITION)

Emma Zilivinskaya
(N.N. Miklukho-Maklay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology,
Russian Academy of Sciences)

The article analyzes the religious monuments of the Golden Horde. It addresses such categories of buildings as mosques, minarets, madrasahs, khanaka and mausoleums. Objects monumental architecture quite clearly reflect the different traditions in the addition of multicomponent urban culture of the Golden Horde. Analysis plan оf the mosques, the main structures of the Muslim city, showed that all the currently known Juma Mosque of the Golden Horde had a basilica plan. Such a plan which has been adopted in Asia Minor, namely, in Anatolia, where similar mosque became widespread in the Seljuk period. Asia Minor had the appearance and minarets. Disposition of the mausoleums is quite diverse. They were built under the influence of architectural schools of Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Khorezm and nomadic traditions. In spite of the presence of various building traditions and innovations, principles of cult institutions’ planning were uniform all over the Golden Horde, which implies the elaboration of a single, though eclectic in details, architectural style.

Keywords: Golden Horde, cult architecture, mosques, minarets, madrasahs, khanaka, mausoleums, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Khorezm, nomads.

About the author: Emma Davidovna Zilivinskaya – Leading Researcher of N.N. Miklukho-Maklay Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Sci. (History) (119991 Leninsky Av., 32А, Moscow, Russian Federation); eziliv@mail.ru

INFORMATION ON GENGHIS KHAN, BERKE, AND KHAN UZBEK
IN BIBLIOGRAPHIC COLLECTION OF AL-SAFADI, SALAH AL-DIN KHALIL
(D. 764 AH). AL-WAFI BI AL-VAFIYAT (الوافي بالوفياب أو تاريخ الصفدي)
(COMPLETE COLLECTION OF BIOGRAPHIES OF DECEASED
PERSONS OR THE HISTORY OF AL-SAFADI)

D.R. Zaynuddinov
(Sh.Marjani Institute of History,
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan)

Publication of Russian translations by V.G. Tiesenhausen of extracts from Arabic sources on the history of the Golden Horde was a breakthrough in this research topic. Thanks to the work of V.G. Tiesenhausen, Russian historical school has become one of the leading research schools and remains such to the present day. However, the work of V.G. Tiesenhausen does not exhaust the entire storehouse of medieval historical and geographical literature in the Arabic language, as he states in the preface to his work. Proof of this is the fact that in voluminous work of V.G. Tiesenhausen we practically do not meet materials from the writings of historians dealing with the narrative biographies, although their works contain very valuable information about the history of the Golden Horde.

As examples of such works, we can name the following:

1) al-Safadi (696 AH / 1297 – 764 AH / 1363), “Al-Wafi bi al-vafiyat” (الوافي بالوفياب أو تاريخ الصفدي) (Complete Collection of Biographies of Deceased Persons or the History of al-Safadi);

2) al-Safadi (696 AH / 1297 – 764 AH / 1363), (أعيان العصر وأعوان النصر) (Outstanding Personalities of this century, and the Champions of Victory);

3) al-Kutubi Muhamamd Shakir (d. 764 AH), (فوات الوفيات و الذيل عليها) (Biographies of Deceased Persons not included (in the collection of Ibn Hallikan (608 AH / 1211 – 681 AH / 1282)), and addition to them);

4) (al-Maqrisi Taqi al-Din) (d. 845 AH), (كتاب المقفّى الكبير) (Great Rhymed Book);

5) al-Asqalani Ibn Najar (d. 852 AH) (الدرر الكامنة في أعيان المائة الثامنة) (Hidden Pearls in a Biography of Outstanding Persons of the eighth century of Hijra);

6) Ibn Taghribirdi (813–874 AH) (المنهل الصافي المستوفي بعد الوافي) (Pure Completing Source after the “Full”).

The purpose of this article is an introduction into academic circulation of the materials from biographical dictionary “Complete Collection of Biographies of Deceased Persons” written by Mamluk historian al-Safadi (696 AH / 1297 – 764 AH / 1363).

This article contains:

I) a brief examination of the life and creative activities of the historian and description of his works;

II) description of biographical collection “Al-Wafi bi al-vafiyat” (الوافي بالوفياب أو تاريخ الصفدي) (Complete Collection of Biographies of Deceased Persons or the History of al-Safadi);

III) translation and facsimiles of biographies of such khans as Genghis Khan, khan Berke, and khan Uzbek.

Keywords: Genghis Khan, khan Berke, Mengu-Timur, Abaga, khan Uzbek, Safed, Damascus, Cairo, al-Yasak, Derbent, Bulgar, Baghdad, Kusun, Susun.

About the author: Damirdzhan Rustamdzhonovich Zaynuddinov – Post-graduate student of Sh.Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (420014, Kremlin, entrance 5, Kazan, Russian Federation); abu-hanifanur@yandex.ru

LITHUANIAN METRICA AS A SOURCE FOR THE HISTORY
OF THE TURKIC STATES OF EASTERN EUROPE

V.V. Trepavlov
(Institute of Russian History, Russian Academy of Sciences)

Lithuanian Metrica contains a lot of information on the Turkic khanates of Eastern Europe of the 15^th–16^th centuries. It consists mainly of documents related to foreign relations of the Polish-Lithuanian State and covers its contacts primarily with the Crimean Yurt. In Lithuanian Metrica can be also found valuable information about the Great Horde and the Nogai Horde. Information reflecting contacts of Vilna and Cracow with Kazan and Astrakhan khanates is also presented in metrica although very fragmentary. The Polish-Lithuanian State inherited policy of Vilnius rulers in relation to the khans. This policy emerged in the era of the weakening and disintegration of the Golden Horde during the reign of the Grand Dukes Algirdas and, especially, Vytautas and was expressed in the form of patronage of deposed Tokhtamysh and his children. Later it continued in contacts with the Crimean Girays and (until the beginning of the 16^th century) with the khans of Great Horde.

In respect of the Golden Horde, the documents of Lithuanian Metrica contain separate memories of participants of diplomatic correspondence concerning order that once existed in this State. In general, such memories occur both as references to the deeds and decrees of the former Horde’s “tsars” justifying the legitimacy of the current policies, and as norms of relations adopted at the time, presented as a model to be followed by descendants. The memory of the Horde-Lithuanian relations of the 13^th – the first half of the 15^th centuries are reflected in the materials of Lithuanian Metrica in the form of an equally abstract references to the relationship that existed in the times of ancestors. Tatar and Polish-Lithuanian side constantly referred to the relationship of the “brotherhood”, i.e. status equality, which were established between the Grand Duke Algirdas and Vitautas and king Casimierz on the one hand, and the Horde khans on the other.

The documents contained in Lithuanian Metrica seem to be a necessary element of the source base for the study of the later Golden Horde and ‘post-Horde’ khanates of the 15^th–16^th centuries (and of the 17^th century for Crimea).

Keywords: Lithuanian Metrica, diplomatic correspondence, Polish-Lithuanian State, Golden Horde, Giray family.

About the author: Vadim Vintserovich Trepavlov – Chief Researcher of the Institute of Russian History of Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Center of History of the Peoples of Russia and Interethnic Relations, Dr. Sci. (History) (119192, Dmitry Ulyanov str., 19, Moscow, Russian Federation); trepavlov@yandex.ru

RUSSIAN CHRONICLES ON THE MOSCOW-KAZAN RELATIONS:
EXPERIENCE OF THE HERMENEUTIC RESEARCH

A.V. Aksanov
(Sh. Marjani Institute of History,
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan)

This paper analyzes the problem of interpretation of the chronicle reports about the Moscow-Kazan relations and identifies the semantics of these reports by using the hermeneutic analysis of texts. The author cites the examples of the sources’ misunderstanding. Researchers treated literally reports about the Kazan khanate foundation, which in fact were based on the reminiscences from biblical books and needed an allegorical interpretation. Scholars made similar mistakes in their interpretation of some of the reports about the Kazan campaign in 1467, 1487, 1506, and 1552. In turn, the use of hermeneutic methods allows us to significantly supplement and even revise the picture of the Moscow-Kazan relations presented in the historians’ works. This paper demonstrates some features of the evolution of Russian chronicle writing that affected the nature of the representation of interstate relations. Period of the last third of the 15^th century is described both by official and independent (provincial) chronicle vaults. In this, these sources describe the events in different ways. Official chronicles represented the Moscow-Kazan war of 1467–1469 as a religious confrontation ended with Russian victory, while independent sources described this war without religious connotations and pointed to the defeat of Moscow forces. The author also revealed significant differences in the description of the events in 1478 and 1487. In such a way, independent sources refute a number of official reports about the Moscow-Kazan relations in the last third of the 15^th century. In turn, period of the first half of the 16^th century is well documented only in the official chronicles since independent chronicles fell into decline during the strengthening of the united Russian State. Thus, the picture of the Moscow-Kazan relations of this period is unilateral since it is based on information of official chronicles, which, in many cases, can not be verified by alternative sources.

Keywords: Moscow State, Kazan khanate, interstate relations, chronicles, hermeneutics, historiography.

About the author: Anvar Vasil’evich Aksanov – Senior Research Fellow, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh.Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Cand. Sci. (History) (420014, Kremlin, entrance 5, Kazan, Russian Federation); aksanov571@gmail.com

REPORT OF A CONTINUATOR OF ÖTEMISH HAJJI’S
“CHINGIZ-NAME” AS A SOURCE OF THE HISTORY
OF THE SIBERIAN SHIBANIDS

D.N. Maslyuzhenko
(Kurgan State University)

In 2014, I.M. Mirgaleev published a part of the work of Ötemish Hajji’s Continuator. This part is devoted to the history of the Siberian Shibanid dynasty whose activity is known only by very few written sources. So, the introduction of a new work requires a source analysis undertaken in this article.

A significant part of this work is devoted to the genealogy of the Shibanids, where special attention is paid to descendants of Bek Konda oglan. All rulers of Tyumen and Siberian Yurts originated exactly from these descendants.
The author often confuses the degree of relationship, and also distorts the names of some representatives of the dynasty. Despite this, the majority of these names correspond to other sources on this issue. At the same time, Continuator leads a genealogical list not only up to the children of Tyumen khan Ibrahim but also includes his grandchildren and great grandchildren. A detailed listing of the recent descendants indicates that Continuator got information from one of the representatives of the dynasty. His informants could be the descendants of khan Kuchum, who proved to be on the territory of the Moscow State in the beginning of the 17^th century. Continuator’s narrative is also similar to the content of Siberian chronicles in relation to such details as the reign in Kazan of khan Ibrahim and the degree of relationship between Kuchum and Muhammad Kul.

At the same time, the author does not always adequately describe the specific borders of Shibanid uluses. He attributes the power in the territory of Volga-Oka interfluve to both khan Haji Muhammad (ruled in 1420s) and his distant descendant Kuchum. In general, Continuator was not familiar with the history of Siberian possessions of this dynasty and the events of the 15^th century paying special attention to the affairs of the Volga region and Central Asian. Simultaneously, the author reports such unknown historical events as the Hajji Muhammad’s capture of the city of Tura, future center of Tyumen khanate. However, for the middle of the 16^th century, a series of reports by this author are of unique nature. This concerns information both on submission by khan Murtaza of Maverannahr territory and about the wars of Kuchum on the Syr Darya in the region of Otrar. This information highlights the Central Asian policy of Siberian Shibanids and points to the considerable extent of their possessions during the 15^th–16^th centuries. Unlike other Tatar authors, Continuator relates the collapse of the Siberian Shibanids state and seizure of its territory by the Russians not to Kuchum but to his son Ali.

Keywords: Shibanids, Tyumen and Siberian khanate, Kuchum.

About the author: Denis Nikolaevich Maslyuzhenko – Associate professor, Kurgan State University, Dean of the Historical faculty, Cand. Sci. (History) (640669, Gogol st., 25, Kurgan, Russian Federation); denmas13@yandex.ru

ISKER AS A MYTHOLOGEME IN THE STUDY
OF SIBERIAN KHANATE HISTORY

D.N. Maslyuzhenko
(Kurgan State University)

S.F. Tataurov
(Omsk branch of Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of SB RAS,
F.M. Dostoyevsky Omsk State University)

Research literature on the history of Siberian Khanate consider Isker not only as a metropolitan center but also as a large and well-fortified town. The analysis of written and archaeological sources shows that such an assumption in many respects developed under the influence of the authors, who described it later, a long time after the abandonment of Isker. They were influenced to a large extent by ideas about how Tatar city might have looked as an ideal model, the embodiment of which they searched on the ruins of the Siberian cities of the 15^th–16^th centuries.

Authors of this work consider that conditions of a fortress location, as well as artifacts, found there, do not confirm this traditional version. Isker came under the authority of Siberian Shibanids (with a throne place situated in Chimgi-Tura (Tyumen)) not earlier than in 1563, after the Siberian people had invited Kuchum ibn Murtaza to become their khan. At the same time, representatives of a dynasty controlled not only the lands in the south of Western Siberia, but also across the Syr Darya. Being natives of a nomadic environment, their center of power was situatetd in nomadic khan’s encampment, from which they moved from summering in the north to wintering grounds in the south. Exactly in this encampment, but not in geopolitically and ecologically uncomfortably located Isker, it is supposed to be the khan’s treasury and the place for his family as well as seyyids and other Muslim preachers. Isker was only a place of collecting the yasak from Ugrian groups of local population during the autumn and spring periods. For these reasons, its protection during Yermak’s attack was not the khan’s priority task. The town was abandoned easily.

Isker is not so important for the history of Siberia as for Russian history during the period of incorporation of Siberia into the Muscovy. For the Russian tsars, Isker became a symbol of the legitimacy of power of Ivan the Terrible in Siberia.

Keywords: Siberian khanate, Isker, Kuchum, urban culture of Western Siberia.

About the authors: Denis Nikolaevich Maslyuzhenko – Associate Professor, Dean of the Historical faculty, Kurgan State University, Cand. Sci. (History) (640669, Gogol st., 25, Kurgan, Russian Federation); denmas13@yandex.ru

Sergey Filippovich Tataurov – Head of the Department of Archaeology, Omsk branch of Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Cand. Sci. (History) (644024, K. Marks st., 15, korp. 1, Omsk, Russian Federation); TatSF2008@rambler.ru

NOTES OF JOHN SMITH AS A SOURCE FOR THE CRIMEAN
KHANATE HISTORY IN THE EARLY 17^TH CENTURY

N.I. Khrapunov, S.N. Khrapunova
(Crimean Federal University)

The paper analyses the account of Tataria collected by famous English adventurer John Smith. In 1602, Smith, a mercenary in Transylvania, was captivated by pillagers and, later, sold into slavery. In spring of 1603 he found himself a slave somewhere in the Azov Sea Area, in the land of the Crimean Khanate. A few months later, Smith succeeded to escape, he reached the Moscow czar’s country, and whence returned to Transylvania. Twenty years after, Smith published his life story in short (1625) and then long version (1630). A considerable part of the story was the account of the author’s adventures among the Turks and the Tatars. Smith widely used other travellers’ accounts (William Biddulph, Antony Jenkinson, William of Rubruck, and Martin Broniovius), collected by famous Samuel Purchas, the first publisher of Smith’s own story. Now we can determine original materials by Smith, based on his personal experience, which describe the Crimean Khanate’s daily life and warfare.

Keywords: Crimean Khanate, Ottoman Empire, travel journal, John Smith, ethnography.

About the authors: Nikita Igorevich Khrapunov – Senior Researcher, Research Centre for the History and Archaeology of the Crimea at the Crimean Federal University, Cand. Sci. (History) (295007, Vernadsky Ave., 4, Simferopol, Republic of the Crimea, Russian Federation).

Svetlana Nikolaevna Khrapunova – Division Head, Department of Educational Activity of the Crimean Federal University (295007, Vernadsky Ave., 4, Simferopol, Republic of the Crimea, Russian Federation).

FINANCIAL COOPERATION BETWEEN THE MONGOL ULUSES
OF JOCHI AND PERSIA: CONFLICT AND COOPERATION

Judith Kolbas
(Central Asian Numismatic Institute, Cambridge University)

The continuing debate about Jochid – Hulaguid conflict is examined in three parts, which conclude that conflict was based on pragmatic and economic rather than theoretical or religious concerns. The author supports the argument by incorporating numismatic evidence into the discussion for the first time. The article has three sections, the first dealing with Jochid claims to Iran, the second with the establishment of the il-Khanate and the third with alliances. The last section focuses on the Jochid military alliance with the Mamluks and then the financial consortia for trade from Kazan to Cairo through the Caucasus and Anatolia. A close look at money challenges the interpretations made from chroniclers, many of whom wrote later than the events. Coinage, on the other hand, comes from the times and places concerned. It supports the conclusion that organizing and retaining wealth was a primary factor in relations within the empire and among various uluses.

Keywords: Jochids, Il-Khanate, Hulaguids, Tabriz, Mamlūks, monetary reform, vassal coinage, inscriptions, mints, currency values, poll tax, customs duty, slave trade, Third Imperial Provence, civilian governors, Bulghar, Georgia, Anatolia.

About the author: Judith Kolbas – Professor, Member of the Central Asian Numismatic Institute, Cambridge University, Ph.D. (Cambridge, United Kingdom); ca.numismatic@gmail.com

PRINCELY “YURTS” OF KAZAN KHANATE

I.V. Zaytsev
(Institute of Russian History, Institute of Oriental Studies,
Russian Academy of Sciences)

 The article considers the contents of the letter addressed by Nogai biy Urus (1576) to the Tsar Ivan IV. The letter refers to the lands that paid to the Nogais some “compensation” before they ended under the power of Moscow. According to the author of the present article, this text refers to a division of the Kazan Khanate in the number of administrative units with unequal status: the core of the Khanate – the “yurt of Bulgar tsar” (that is, apparently, actual Kazan, the khan’s domain), and two princely yurts – the Arsk principality and lands of the principality, which belonged to princes Ali-Bey and Altyn-Bey before the arrival of Ulugh-Muhammad. Most likely, these lands were situated south of Bolghar at the left bank of the Volga, on the territory of modern Ulyanovsk region and, possibly, partly at the right bank, near Tetyushi. The Arsk land enjoyed a special independent (or semi-independent) position during the Bulgar time (Arsaniya land). This division of the Kazan Khanate into three parts is reflected not only in the analyzed text, but also elsewhere, particularly, in the Russian chronicles.

Keywords: Kazan Khanate, Arsk principality, Nogays, scribe book, Altyn-bey, Ali-bey.

About the author: Il’ya Vladimirovich Zaytsev – Leading Research Fellow, Institute of Russian History, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Sci. (History) (107031, Rozhdestvenka st., 12, Moscow, Russian Federation); ilyaaugust@yandex.ru

Abdulgaffar Qyrymi

EXCERPT FROM “UMDET UL-AHBAR”.
FROM THE HISTORY OF CRIMEAN KHANS

This publication contains a fragment about the history of Crimean khans from the historical work “Umdet al-Akhbar” written by a Crimean author Abdulgaffar Kyrymi. In particular, this publication contains a translation of the story about the descendants of Bash-Timur (Tash-Timur according to another version). In this story, Abdulgaffar Kyrymi thoroughly reveals the history of the descendants of Bash-Timur – Gyyaseddin and Devlet-Berdi. He also tells how Haji Giray, Devlet-Berdi’s son, became Khan. In addition, he provides information about khan Ulugh Muhammad, Bash-Timur’s cousin. The author provides us with a very interesting and supporting information in a separate addition to the margins of the manuscript. In particular, this addition contains a brief history of the Turkic tribes and inhabitants of Tataristan, birthplace of the Seljuks and Osman family from the Kayi clan. It also tells how the Ottomans took control of Crimea, examines in detail the reasons for this event, it speaks both about Mengli Giray’s education together with Ottoman princes and on the establishment of relations with Emenek-Bek Shirinsky, Chief Karachi of the Khanate. Then it tells about the rule of Muhammad Giray and his death in the war against the Nogays, about the reign of Saadet Giray, a son of Mengli Giray, during whose reign the uprising of Islam Giray took place.

Keywords: Haji Giray, Mengli Giray, Muhammad Giray I, Saadet Giray I, Crimea, khan.

About the translator: Nariman Seitametovich Seyityahya (Seytyagyayev) – researcher of the A.Yu. Krymskiy Institute of Oriental Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Cand. Sci. (Philology) (01001, M. Grushevsky str., 4, Kiev, Ukraine); seynar@i.ua

A NEW VERSION OF TSARITSYN LEGEND

This publication contains a variant of the legend known as “Tsaritsyn Legend”. B.V. Zaikovsky recorded this version in 1891 in Tsaritsyn (modern Volgograd) with the words of seventy-year elders-fisherman. This legend tells about Batu khan and how an old man healed his daughter. It also tells about how Batu executed his daughter and why a river was named Tsaritsa (princess).

Keywords: legend, tsar, tsarevna (princess), priest, church, Batu.

Prepared for publication: Il’nur Midkhatovich Mirgaleev – Head of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh.Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Cand. Sci. (History) (420014, Kremlin, entrance 5, Kazan, Russian Federation); dilnur1976@mail.ru

THE GOLDEN HORDE BETWEEN GOVERNANCE AND RELIGIOUS DOCTRINE: REFLECTIONS ON A.G. YURCHENKO’S DUOLOGUE
(Golden Horde: Between Yasa and Quran.
Beginning of the Conflict. SPb.: Evraziya, 2013;
Khan Uzbek: Between Empire and Islam (structure of everyday life).
Compendium Book. SPb.: Evraziya, 2013)

Yu.V. Seleznev
(Voronezh State University)

This article contains a review of two monographs by A.G. Yurchenko. In both monographs Yurchenko explores religious situation in the ulus of Jochi in the 13^th–15^thcenturies. The author of duologue analyzes the structure of everyday life in the Horde State during the 13^th–14^th centuries, reflecting the ratio of its religious and administrative bases. Yurchenko comes to a conclusion about the existence of a more complex structure of the Horde society in terms of the confessional and political structure of the ulus of Jochi. According to the arguments presented by Yurchenko, one can conclude that the complex social structure preserved even after the Uzbek’s adoption of Islam. At the same time, the imperial “vertical of power” based on nomadic tradition and corresponding rituals changed slowly and reluctantly. However, at the highest administrative level, among the Horde elite, belonging to the Muslim faith became mandatory, and only this affiliation allowed to occupy senior posts in the State. This status of religious doctrine within the political system can justifiably be called a State ideology or religion of the State. At the same time, aspects highlighted by Yurchenko (a model of nomadic State, where religious institutions are separated from the State, and sacral-religious, philosophical discourses of sources on the history of the Horde) deserves attention and further development. To understand the current of social processes within the ulus of Jochi during the 13^th–15^th centuries, to get closer to scientific knowledge of the real history of the Horde, one should critically deal with the sources and consider the Horde’s reality through the prism of ideologico-religious and philosophical doctrines of the time, especially, in the Middle Ages. This article provides additional arguments both in favor of conceptual constructions of the author and in their rebuttal as well. Author of the review finds it necessary to carefully and critically deal with information of medieval sources on the history of the Horde, taking into account conclusions proposed by Yurchenko.

Keywords: Ulus of Jochi, Golden Horde, Uzbek, Islam, 13^th–14^th centuries.

About the author: Yury Vasilievich Seleznev – Associate Professor of Historical faculty of the Voronezh State University, Dr. Sci. (History) (394068, Moskovsky Avenue, 88, Voronezh, Russian Federation); orda1359@mail.ru

International Scientific-Practical Conference
“Historical and Archaeological Legacy
of the Golden Horde in Saratov Region:
Uvek – Past, Present, Future”, June 4–6, 2015

E.G. Sayfetdinova
(Sh.Marjani Institute of History,
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan)

International scientific-practical conference “Historical and Archaeological Legacy of the Golden Horde in Saratov Region: Uvek – Past, Present, Future” was held in Saratov 4–6 June, 2015. On the first day there were organized four sections: “Material Culture of the Golden Horde in the Volga Region and Adjacent Territories”, “The Golden Horde Cities in the Written Sources and Historiography”, “The Golden Horde Ethno-Cultural and Socio-Economic Development and Its Legacy”, “Cultural and Symbolic Legacy of Ukek as a Humanitarian Resource of the Region”.

The plenary meeting that took place on the second day of the conference, discussed the results of sectional works, on which basis resolution has been drawn up. Resolution emphasized the historical value of Ukek and pointed to the importance of introducing its site in the list of UNESCO.

Keywords: conference, Saratov, history, Golden Horde, Ukek.

About the author: Elmira Gadelzyanovna Sayfetdinova – Senior Research Fellow, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh.Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Cand. Sci. (History) (420014, Kremlin, entrance 5, Kazan, Russian Federation); аdulya2@yandex.ru

ROUND TABLE “PRINCELY ‘YURTS’ OF KAZAN KHANATE”

A.V. Aksanov
(Sh.Marjani Institute of History,
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan)

The round table “Princely ‘Yurts’ of the Kazan Khanate” took place in Kazan on May 19, 2015. The round table was organized by the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates (Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan) and the All-Russian State library for foreign literature.

I.M. Mirgaleev (Cand. Sci. in History), Head of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates (Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan), acted as the moderator of the event. I.V. Zaytsev (Dr. Sci. in History), Research Associate of Institute of Oriental studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Deputy Director-General for Science of Bakhchisaray historical, cultural and archaeological museum-reserve (Moscow, Bakhchisaray), submitted his report on the subject: “Princely ‘Yurts’ of the Kazan Khanate”.

The discussion of the report was attended by: R.S. Khakimov, Doctor of Historical Studies, Academician of the Academy of Science of RT, Director of the Sh.Marjani Institute of History of AN RT; D.M. Iskhakov, Doctor of Historical Studies, Leading Research Fellow of the Sh.Marjani Institute of History of AN RT; I.M. Mirgaleev, Cand. Sci. in History, Head of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates of AS RT; I.A. Mustakimov, Cand. Sci. in History, Head of the Sector of scientific use of archival documents and international relations of the Main Archive Department under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan; employees of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates of AS RT: B.R. Rakhimzyanov, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; A.V. Aksanov, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; T.F. Khaydarov, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; E.G. Sayfetdinova, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; L.F. Baybulatova, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; and also graduate students of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates.

The text of the report is included, with some additions, in the present issue of the Golden Horde Review (see: Zaitsev I.V. Princely “Yurts” of Kazan Khanate). Generally, the roundtable participants criticized the thesis presented by I.V. Zaytsev of a three-part structure of the Kazan Khanate. According to opponents, the Khanate had a more complex structure, as evidenced by the chronicles and diplomatic documents. For example, report of the official chronicles for 1469 was presented as a counterargument, which recorded names of six eastern uluses of the Kazan Khanate. The roundtable participants did not agree with identification of “Ardabaev yurt” with the Arsk land, but they found a compelling correlation of “Alibaev and Altybaev yurts” with lands located south of Bolghar. As a result of the discussion the participants came to the conclusion that the problem of administrative-territorial organization of the Kazan Khanate requires more detailed study, involving the widest possible range of sources.

Keywords: Kazan khanate, conference, historical disciplines, report.

About the author: Anvar Vasil’evich Aksanov – Senior Research Fellow, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh.Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Cand. Sci. (History) (420014, Kremlin, entrance 5, Kazan, Russian Federation); aksanov571@gmail.com

ROUND TABLE “WESTERN CAMPAIGN: LATIN SOURCES”

I.M. Mirgaleev
(Sh.Marjani Institute of History,
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan)

The round table “Western Campaign: Latin Sources” took place in Sh.Marjani Institute of History (Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan) on June 9, 2015. The round table was organized by Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates of AN RT. The main report was presented by Roman Hautala, Doctor of Historical Studies (Ph.D. in history) and well-known Finnish researcher of the Latin sources on the history of Genghisid States. His report was entitled “Early Hungarian Information about Mongol Western Campaign (1235–1242)” and was dedicated to the consideration of information contained in the Hungarian sources compiled in Latin language.

The roundtable participants discussed the issues relating to introduction in scholarly circulation of new Latin sources on the history of the Golden Horde and other Genghisid States, such as questions of study of a large body of Latin sources compiled in medieval Hungary. The discussion of proposed topic was attended by I.M. Mirgaleev, Cand. Sci. in History, Head of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates of AS RT; A.V. Aksanov, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; E.G. Sayfetdinova, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; T.F. Khaydarov, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; L.F. Baybulatova, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; B.R. Rakhimzyanov, Cand. Sci. in History, Senior Research Fellow; as well as by guest of the Center, M.S. Gatin, Cand. Sci. in History; and also graduate students of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates.

Keywords: round table, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, history of the Mongol Empire, Mongol Western Campaign, Hungarian medieval sources.

About the author: Il’nur Midkhatovich Mirgaleev – Head of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh.Marjani Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Cand. Sci. (History) (420014, Kremlin, entrance 5, Kazan, Russian Federation); dilnur1976@mail.ru