2020, vol. 8, no. 4. Hautala R.

2020, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 647-661

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-4.647-661

   THE EARLY JOCHID CAMPAIGNS
AND THE PRO-TOLUID WRITTEN SOURCES

Roman Hautala 1,2
1 Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Kazan, Russian Federation
2 University of Oulu
Oulu, Finland
romanhautala@gmail.com

Abstract: Research objectives: To analyze the information contained in diverse written sources about the early Jochid conquests which preceded the start of Batu’s western campaign in Eastern Europe (1236–1242) and to discuss the role in the implementation of these military campaigns that each of these diverse sources ascribes to Chinggis Khan’s eldest son, Jochi, and his progeny.
Research materials: The author exclusively used written and already published sources – namely: Arabic works of Ibn al-Athir and Qaratay al-Izzi al-Khaznadari (the work of the latter author is often mistakenly attributed to Ibn Wasil); Persian works of al-Nasawi, Juzjani, Juwayni, and Rashid al-Din; the Mongolian Secret History of the Mongols and the Chinese official annals Yuan Shi and Shengwu qinzheng lu; Latin accounts on two travels of the Dominican Julian to pre-Mongol Eastern Europe, subsequent Latin reports by John of Plano Carpini and C. de Bridia on the first European diplomatic mission to the Mongol Empire, as well as the bulls of Pope Gregory IX regarding the situation in the Balkans during the arrival of the first Qipchaq refugees from the Mongols; the Greek works of George Akropolites, Ephraim, and Nicephorus Gregoras regarding the same situation in the Balkans, as well as a fragment from the Life of St. Louis by Jean de Joinville.
Research novelty: Based on Christopher Atwood’s successful results in comparing the pro-Toluid sources with those written outside the Toluid courts, a similar method is employed here for Jochi’s last campaign as well as for the early campaigns of his successor, Batu.
Research results: A comparison of both types of sources allows us to trace the delibe­rate understatement of the role of the Jochids in the pro-Toluid sources. As well, we are able to restore their real role, based on information from parallel sources.

Keywords: history of the Mongol Empire, early history of the ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde), medieval history of the Balkans, Muslim, Chinese and Western sources, comparative criticism of written sources

For citation: Hautala R. The Early Jochid Campaigns and the pro-Toluid Written Sources. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2020, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 647–661. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-4.647-661

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About the author: Roman Hautala – Ph.D. (History), Senior Research Fellow, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (7A, Baturin Str., Kazan 420111, Russian Federation); Docent, Department of History at the Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu (1, Pentti Kaiteran Str., Historia, PL 1000, 90570, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland); ResearcherID: H-9114-2016; ORCID: 0000-0003-3898-0107. E-mail: romanhautala@gmail.com

Received  August 3, 2020   Accepted for publication November 30,2020
Published  Online December 29, 2020