2020, vol. 8, no. 4. Kramarovsky M.G., Seydaliev E.I.

2020, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 714-736

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-4.714-736

    A TÜRBE OF THE LATE FOURTEENTH OR EARLY FIFTEENTH
CENTURY IN SOLKHAT (NEW MATERIALS)

M.G. Kramarovsky 1, E.I. Seydaliev 2,3
1 State Hermitage Museum
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
solkhat@hermitage.ru

2 Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Kazan, Russian Federation
3 Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov
Simferopol, Russian Federation
codexcummanicus@gmail.com

Abstract: Research objectives: To present data about a newly discovered architectural monument of the Golden Horde’s Solkhat/Krym.
Research materials: As the result of excavations of the medieval settlement of Solkhat in 2018–2019, we have revealed an unknown archaeological object – a türbe (mausoleum) belonging to the Islamic community of the town. The research materials contain architectural measurements and plans, a description and analysis of the burial structures, along with data on coins and other finds, including female jewelry found in one of the burials.
Results and novelty of the research: During archaeological surveys in 2018 in the southeastern part of the Golden Horde’s Solkhat, not far from the modern reservoir, a new archaeological object was discovered and identified as a medieval Muslim mausoleum (türbe). As a result of the 2018–2019 excavations, it was found that it is a ruined structure, preserved at the level of the lower rows of the foundation. The plan of the mausoleum is based on a rectangle oriented to the cardinal directions. The structure consists of two parts – the southern which is the entrance and the northern which contains the actual tombs (gurkhan). In the northern part of the türbe at the floor level, two burial underground chambers were discovered: burial 1, constructed of square Golden Horde bricks, and burial 2, constructed of rubble stones. The first female burial contained fragments of architectural details and a pair of golden earrings with a translucent sub-square inlay. The design features of the earrings indicate a style distinctive to Central Asia and China. The gender of the buried individual is confirmed by anthropological analysis. The second burial is a collective one, with bone remains of at least three individuals, two of them being males.
According to the numismatic finds, the mausoleum dates to the late fourteenth or early fifteenth century. The presence of female jewelry among the funeral inventory of burial 1 formally contradicts the traditions of Islamic funeral rites. Apparently, gold earrings, mar­king the social status of the deceased (among other details of clothing that have not reached us), indicate the persistent preservation of traces of steppe traditions.

Keywords: Golden Horde, Jochid ulus, Solkhat, Crimea, mausoleum, türbe, jewelry

For citation: Kramarovsky M.G., Seydaliev E.I. A Türbe of the late fourteenth or early fifteenth century in Solkhat (new materials). Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2020, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 714–736. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-4.714-736

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About the authors: Mark G. Kramarovsky – Dr. Sci. (History), Leading Research Fellow, Oriental Department, State Hermitage Museum, Curator of Central Asian Collection (34, Dvortsovaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 190000, Russian Federation). E-mail: solkhat@hermitage.ru

Emil I. Seydaliev – Cand. Sci. (History), Associate Professor, Head of the Chair of history, Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University named after Fevzi Yakubov (8, Uchebny lane, Simferopol 295015, Russian Federation); Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Archaeology of the Crimea of Russian Academy of Sciences (2, Academician Vernadsky Avenue, Simferopol 295007, Russian Federation); Senior Research Fellow of the Crimean Research Center of Mar­jani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (7А, Baturin Str., Kazan 420111, Russian Federation); ORCID: 0000-0002-2822-3930. E-mail: codexcummanicus@gmail.com

Received  June 21, 2020   Accepted for publication  November 24, 2020
Published Online  December 29, 2020