2024, vol. 12, no. 1. Zilivinskaya E.D.

2024, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 91-124

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2024-12-1.91-124

EDN: https://elibrary.ru/LEPCBJ

   MAUSOLEUMS OF THE EASTERN REGIONS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE

E.D. Zilivinskaya
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow, Russian Federation
eziliv@mail.ru

Abstract. The purpose of the study: To consider the composition of architecture in the eastern regions of the Golden Horde, using the example of monuments of memorial architecture. As well, to trace regional differences and the influence of various architectural schools and building traditions on the emergence and development of mausoleum forms.
Research materials: Mausoleums which are the most numerous type of monumental architecture explored throughout the territory of the Golden Horde. The paper considers both archaeological sites and various images of mausoleums: drawings of the 18th–19th centuries and photographs of the early 20th century.
Results and scientific novelty: The work collects and examines all the mausoleums of the eastern regions of the Golden Horde. The review shows that among all the buildings, based on construction technology, two directions of architecture can be distinguished – construction from stone and construction from brick (burnt and adobe). An analysis of the types of planning, construction techniques, and architectural details of mausoleums and construction equipment leads to the conclusion that several directions can be traced in the composition of memorial architecture. In their architectonics, the stone mausoleums of the Urals are closely related to the architecture of Volga Bulgaria which, in turn, arose under the strong influence of Seljuk Asia Minor and to some extent Transcaucasia. Most of the mausoleums are built of baked and mud bricks. Among them, a group of cubic mausoleums with a hipped dome on a drum and a massive portal stands out. These buildings find direct analogies among the monuments of Central Asia, primarily Khorezm. A group of tower or pyramidal mausoleums are buildings of an archaic appearance that replicate the memorial monuments of the Turks. Also in the eastern regions, two-chamber mausoleums were built, consisting of a room for rituals (ziyarat-khane) and a tomb (gur-khane). Mausoleums of this type have no direct analogues outside the Golden Horde and are a creative reworking of already known schemes.

Keywords: Golden Horde, Urals, Western Kazakhstan, Central Kazakhstan, mausoleums, classification, architectonics, construction equipment, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Turks, innovations

For citation: Zilivinskaya E.D. Mausoleums of the Eastern Regions of the Golden Horde. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2024, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 91–124. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2024-12-1.91-124 (In Russian)

REFERENCES

  1. Azhigali S.E. Nomadic architecture. The Phenomenon of the History and Culture of Eurasia (Monuments of the Aral-Caspian region). Almaty: NIC «Ғylym», 2002. 652 p. (In Russian)
  2. Azhigali S.E., Turganbaeva L.R. Abat Baitak – the pearl of the Kazakh steppe. Almaty, 2004. 32 p. (In Russian)
  3. Baypakov K.M., Smagulov E.A., Akhatov G.A. The Medieval Jayik Site. Almaty: «Credo», 2005, 220 p. (In Russian)
  4. Baypakov K.M., Voyakin D.A., Aydosov A.H., NurgazarinovA., Bashtannik S., Sorokin D. Archaeological research of monuments at the bottom of the Aral Sea. Archaeological Research Report. Almaty, 2008. (In Russian)
  5. Baypakov K.M., Voyakin D.A., Dolgushev A.S., Fofonov K.A., Kudabaev Ch.A., Amirov E.Sh., Sorokin D.V. Brief report on the fieldwork of the SKKAE in 2008 at the Aral-Asar settlement, in the Kerderi 2 mausoleum. Archaeological Research Report. Almaty, 2009. (In Russian)
  6. Botalov S.G., Malamud G.Ya. Funerary complex of Kesene. Ufimskiy arkheologicheskiy vestnik = Ufa Archaeological Bulletin. Ufa, 2001, no 3, pp. 162–168. (In Russian)
  7. Botalov S.G., Garustovich G.N., Yaminov A.F. New materials on the mausoleums of Trans-Urals and Central Kazakhstan. Heritage of centuries. Protection and study of archeological monuments of Bashkortostan, Vol. 1. Ufa: NPC OPIK, 1995, pp. 148–165. (In Russian)
  8. Bretanickiy L.S. Architecture of Azerbaijan in 12th–15th centuries and its place in the architecture of the Middle East. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1966. 785 p. (In Russian)
  9. Vasil’ev D.V. Islamization and funeral rites in the Golden Horde. Archaeological and statistical research. Astrahan: Astrahanskiy universitet Publ., 2009. 178 p. (In Russian)
  10. Vel’yaminov-Zernov V.V. Monument with Arabic-Tatar inscription in Bashkiria. Notes of the Russian Archaeological Society,vol. XIII. St. Petersburg, 1859. (In Russian)
  11. General history of architecture. Ed. by A.M.Pribytkova. Vol. 8. Moscow: Stroyizdat, 1969. 510 p. (In Russian)
  12. Garustovich G.N. Urial ground of Saralzhin I (on the issue of Islamization of Dzhuchiev Ulus). New in medieval archeology of Eurasia. Samara, 1993, pp. 86–90. (In Russian)
  13. Garustovich G.N. Urials in stone mausoleums of the Bashkir Urals. Nasledie vekov = Heritage of centuries. Iss. 1. Ufa, 1995. (In Russian)
  14. Garustovich G.N., Tureckiy M.A. A new type of Muslim Mausoleums of the Golden Horde period in the Southern Urals. Dialogue of urban and steppe cultures in the Eurasian space. Materials of the V International Conference dedicated to the memory of G.A. Fedorov-Davydov. October 2–6, 2011. Kazan: Astrahan, 2011, pp. 153–160. (In Russian)
  15. Garustovich G.N., Nechvaloda A.I. Medieval stone mausoleums of Bashkortostan (history, archeology, bioanthropology). Ufa: Kitab, 2020. 400p. (In Russian)
  16. Egorov V.L. Mausoleums of the Vodyanskoye settlement. Sovetskaya arheologiya = Soviet archeology, 1980, no 1, pp. 74–89. (In Russian)
  17. Zagrebin S.I. Mavzoley Kesene. Rifey [Rifey]. Chelyabinsk, 1989. (In Russian)
  18. Zilivinskaya E. Architecture of the Golden Horde. Part I. Religious architecture. Moscow-Kazan: «Otechestvo», 2014. 448 p. (In Russian)
  19. Zilivinskaya E.D. Architecture of the Golden Horde. Part II. Civil architecture. Kazan: USSR Academy of Sciences Publ., Moscow-Kazan: «Otechestvo», 2014. 354 p. (In Russian)
  20. Zilivinskaya E.D., Kalmenov M.D., Sdykov M.N. Religious complex of the 14th century. at the site of Zhaiyk in Western Kazakhstan. Golden Horde civilization. 2016, no. 9, pp. 271–279. (In Russian)
  21. Ivanov V.A. Where are you from, my ancestor? (An archaeologist’s view of the ancient history of the Southern Urals). St. Petersburg: TOO «Gran’ – UNC RAN, 1994. 124 p. (In Russian)
  22. Kalimullin B.G. Architectural monuments of Bashkiria. 1. Ufa., 1956. (InRussian)
  23. Kastan’e I.A. The ruins of Bolgasyn and the Chelkar steppe. Proceedings of the Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission. XIX. Orenburg, 1907, pp. 253–256. (In Russian)
  24. Kastan’e I.A. Antiquities of the Kyrgyz steppe and Orenburg region. Proceedings of the Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission. Vol. XXII. Orenburg, 1910. 332 p. (In Russian)
  25. Kastan’e I.A. Tombstones of the Kyrgyz steppes. Proceedings of the Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission. XXVI. Orenburg, 1911. 130 p. (In Russian)
  26. Kozha M. Мonumental ancient Turkic structures of Kazakhstan. Aral-Caspian region in the history and culture of Eurasia. Almaty-Aktobe, 2011, pp. 259–264. (In Russian)
  27. Mazhitov N.A., Yaminov A.F. Early Muslim tombstones-mausoleums of Bash­kiria during the Golden Horde period. Bashkir region and its peoples. Ufa, 1990, pp. 184–185. (In Russian)
  28. Mendikulov M. Some information about the history of architecture in Kazakhstan. Izvestiya AN Kaz. SSR = News of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, no. 80, iss. 2. Alma-Ata, 1950, pp. 10–28. (In Russian)
  29. Pavlovskiy P. Husein-bek Mosque. Moskvityanin = Moskvitian, 3, part II. Moscow, 1843. (In Russian)
  30. Pallas P.S. Travel through different provinces of the Russian Empire in 1768–1769. Р.1. St. Petersburg, 1908. 272 p. (In Russian)
  31. Petri E.Yu. Excavations in the Orenburg province in the Turgai region. Procee­dings of the Orenburg Archival Commission for 1889. St. Petersburg, 1892. (In Russian)
  32. Popov S.A. Secrets of the Pyatimars: Essays on the Ancient and Medieval History of the Orenburg steppes. Chelyabinsk: Yuzh.-Ural. Knizhnoe izdatel’stvo, 1971. 191 p. (In Russian)
  33. Pugachenkova G.A. On the problem of the emergence of tented mausoleums in Khorasan. Proceedings of the South-Turkmenistan archaeological complex expedition, vol. 1 (Ed. M.E. Masson)]. Ashkhabad, 1949, pp. 57–77. (In Russian)
  34. Rays T.T. Nomads – the conquerors of Asia Minor. Moscow: Centrpoligraf, 2004. 238 p. (In Russian)
  35. Rychkov P. Orenburg topography. Part II. Orenburg, 1762. 262 p. (In Russian)
  36. Sal’nikov K.V. Ancient monuments of the Urals. Sverdlovsk: Sverdlovskoe oblastnoe gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo, 1952. 160 p. (In Russian)
  37. Smirnov A.P. Iron Age of Bashkiria. Materialy i issledovaniya po arheologii SSSR = Materials and research on the archeology of the USSR. No. 58. Moscow-Leningrad, 1957, pp. 5–113. (In Russian)
  38. Stokolos V.S. Archaeological research of the Chelyabinsk Regional Museum. Questions of archeology of the Urals, Iss. 2. Sverdlovsk, 1962, pp. 21–27. (In Russian)
  39. Tolstov S.P. Along the ancient deltas of Oxus and Jaxartes. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 1962. 324 p. (In Russian)
  40. Usseynov M.A., Bretanickiy L.S., Salamzade A. History of architecture of Azerbaijan. Moscow: Gos. Izd. po stroitel’stvu, arhitekture i stroitel’nym materialam, 1963. 396 p. (In Russian)
  41. Fedorov-Davydov G.A. Golden Horde cities of the Volga region. Moscow: Moscow University Publ., 1994. 230 p. (In Russian)
  42. Yumatov V.S. Ancient monuments in the land of the Bashkirs of the Chubilinsky volost. Orenburgskie gubernskie vedomosti = Оrenburg Provincial Gazette, no. 5, 1848. (In Russian)
  43. Yusupov G.V. Introduction to Bulgar-Tatar epigraphy. Moscow-Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Publ., 1960. 165 p. (In Russian)
  44. Yablonskiy L.T. Types of funeral rites at Muslim urban necropolises of the Gol­den Horde. Vestnik MGU. Seriya IX istoriya = Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series IX history, 1975, no. 2, pp. 75–84. (In Russian)
  45. Hillenbrand R. Islamic Architecture. New-York: Columbia University Press, 1994. 645 р.
  46. Stierlin H. Turkey from the Selçuks to the Ottomans. Köln: Tashen, 1998. 238 p.

INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Emma D. Zilivinskaya – Dr. Sci. (History), Leading Research Fellow, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (32a, Leninsky Avenue, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation); ORCID: 0000-0002-3485-0359, ResearcherID: G-4161-2018. E-mail: eziliv@mail.ru