2021, vol. 9, no. 1. Gaydenko P.I.

2021, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 76-89

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-1.76-89

   TATAR VIOLENCE OVER METROPOLITAN MAXIM
AND THE SACK OF KIEV IN 1299: CAUSES, CIRCUMSTANCES,
AND CONSEQUENCES OF EVENTS THAT “DID NOT HAPPEN”

P.I. Gaydenko
M.S. Hrushevsky Institute of Ukrainian Archeography and Source Studies
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Kyiv, Ukraine
prof.gaydenko@rambler.ru

Abstract: Research objectives: This article presents a critical analysis and deconstruction of historiographical ideas about the reasons for Kiev Metropolitan Maxim’s move to Vladimir. Much attention is paid to comparing the prevailing opinions in Russian scholarship with the data of ancient Russian sources and archaeology. The most plausible reasons and motives that prompted the Russian hierarch to change his place of residence are exa­mined, and the circumstances of the metropolitan’s relocation are substantially clarified.
Research materials: Old Russian sources and Russian historiography.
Results and novelty of the research: The prevailing view for the reasons and circumstances behind the move of Metropolitan Maxim to Vladimir, an even described in Russian church historiography, is based on the erroneous opinion of Prof. E.E. Golubinsky. The source data and the sequence of events allow us to conclude that the metropolitan’s move was a well-planned action designed to solve many problems. Following the death of Nogai, and in the face of the growing political ambitions of the Galicia-Volyn princes, Byzantium tried to draw closer to Sarai. In Kiev, the inhabitants feared the attacks of disparate Tatar detachments, but were most afraid of being at the epicenter of the war between the Horde, Lithuania, and Galich over Kiev. Relations between the metropolitans and the South Russian episcopate remained extremely difficult. Under such conditions, the move of the Metropolitan to Vladimir became a logical and well-thought-out response.

Keywords: Golden Horde, Ancient Russia, history of the Russian church, Kiev metropolitans, Metropolitan Maxim

For citation: Gaydenko P.I. Tatar Violence over Metropolitan Maxim and the Sack of Kiev in 1299: Causes, Circumstances, and Consequences of Events That “Did Not Happen”. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2021, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 76–89. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-1.76-89

REFERENCES

  1. Androshchuk F. Pechati chernigovskogo episkopa Antoniya Grechina [Seals of Chernihiv Bishop Anthony Grechin] Ruthenica. Kyiv, 2011, vol. 10, pp. 229–233. (InUkrainian).
  2. Gaidenko P. Kil’ka zauvazhen’ pro mitropolichiy tsentr u Volodimiri na Volini v periiod “Klimentovoȉ smuti” (chomu Volodimir-Volins’kiy ne stav u drugiy polovini XII st. mitropoliєyu?) [Several remarks on the Metropolitan center in Volodymyr-Volynsky during the period of “Clement’s Troubles” (why did Volodymyr-Volynsky not become a Metropolitan in the second half of twelfth century)]. Pravoslav҆ya v Ukraȉni: Zbirnik za materialami VIII Mizhnarodnoȉ naukovoȉ konferenciȉ “Ukraȉnska Cerkva v istoriȉ ukraȉnskogo derzhavotvorennya”. Do 100-littya Ukraȉnskoȉ revolyuciȉ, derzhavnogo organu v spravah religij ta borotbi za avtokefaliyu [Orthodoxy in Ukraine: International Conference “Ukrainian Church in the History of Ukrainian Statemaking”. To the Centenary Anniversary of the Ukrainian Revolution, a State Body for Religious Affairs and the Fight for Autocephaly]. Kyiv: Kyiv Orthodox Theological Academy, 2018, pp. 174–184. (InUkrainian).
  3. Gaidenko P.I. Svyashchennaya ierarkhiya Drevney Rusi: (XI–XIII vv.): Zarisovki vlasti i povsednevnosti [The Sacred Hierarchy of Ancient Rus’ (from the eleventh to thirteenth century): Sketches of Power and Everyday Life]. Moscow: “University book”, 2014. 212 p. (In Russian)
  4. Gaidenko P.I. Sobor 1273(4) goda v svete cerkovno-politicheskoj situacii na Rusi: neskolko zamechanij o nesostoyavshejsya kanonicheskoj reforme mitropolita Kirilla [The 1273(4) Church Council in the light of the church-political situation in Rus’: Several comments on the failed canonical reform of Metropolitan Kirill]. Vestnik Russkoy hristianskoy gumanitarnoy akademii [Bulletin of the Russian Christian Humanitarian Academy]. St. Petersburg, 2014, no. 4, pp. 229–239. (In Russian)
  5. Galimov T.R. Kievskie mitropolity mezhdu Rusyu i Ordoy (vtoraya polovina XIII v.) [Kyiv Metropolitans between Rus’ and the Horde (second half of thirteenth century)]. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2019. 256 p. (In Russian)
  6. Golubinsky E.E. Mitropolit vseya Rossii Maksim [Metropolitan of All Rus’, Maxim]. Sergiev Posad: Publishing house of A.I. Snegireva, 1894. 10 p. (In Russian)
  7. Gorsky A.A. Russkie zemli v XIII–XIV vekah: puti politicheskogo razvitiya [Russian Lands in the thirteenth and fourteenth century: The Path of Political Development]. St. Petersburg: “Science”, 2016. 182 p. (In Russian)
  8. Grushevsky M.S. Istoriya Ukrayini-Rusi [History of Ukraine-Rus’]. Kyiv: “Scientific thought”, 1993, vol. 3. 592 p. (In Ukrainian).
  9. Dvornichenko A.Yu., Krivosheev Yu.V., Sokolov R.A., and Shaposhnik V.V. Russkoe pravoslavie: ot kresheniya do patriarshestva [Russian Orthodoxy: From Baptism to Patriarchate]. St. Petersburg: Saint Petersburg State University, 2012. 412 p. (In Russian)
  10. Zatorsky N. “Poslannya Misayila do papi Sksta IV” 1476 roku: rekonstrukciya arhetipu [“Epistle of Mishael to Pope Sixtus IV” of 1476: Reconstruction of the Archetype]. Lviv: Ukrainian Catholic University, 2018. 588 p. (In Ukrainian).
  11. Karamzin N.M. Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiyskogo v 12 t. [History of the Russian State in Twelve Volumes]. St. Petersburg: Publishing house of Nyu Grech, 1819, vol. 4. 556 p. (In Russian)
  12. Kartashev A.V. Sobranie sochineniy: V 2 t., T. 1: Ocherki po istorii Russkoy Tserkvi [Collected Works in Two Vlumes, Vol. 1: Essays on the History of Russian Church]. Moscow: “Terra”, 1992. 686 p. (In Russian)
  13. Klyuchevsky V.O. Kurs russkoy istorii [The Course of Russian History]. Moscow, 1912, part 2. 4 + 516 + iv p. (In Russian)
  14. Makariy (Bulgakov), mitr. Istoriya Russkoy Tserkvi, Kn. 3: Istoriya Russkoy Tserkvi v period postepennogo perekhoda ee k samostoyatel’nosti (1240–1589), Otdel pervyy: Sostoyanie Russkoy Tserkvi ot mitropolita Kirilla II do mitropolita svya-togo Iony, ili v period mongol’skiy (1240–1448) [History of the Russian Church, Book 3: History of the Russian Church during the Period of Its Gradual Transition to Independence (1240–1589), Division one: The State of the Russian Church from Metropolitan Cyril II to Metropolitan St. Jonah, or during the Mongol Period (1240–1448)]. Turilov A.A. (ed.). Moscow: Spaso-Preobrazhensky Valaam Monastery Publishing House, 1995. 704 p. (In Russian)
  15. Makariy (Veretennikov), archim. Deyatelnost svyatogo mitropolita Maksima na russkoy kafedre (s prilozheniem “Poucheniya” i “Povesti o mitropolite Maksime”) [The activities of St. Metropolitan Maxim at the Russian pulpit (with the appendix of the “Teachings” and “Tales of Metropolitan Maxim”)]. Bogoslovskiy vestnik [Theological Bulletin]. 2015, vol. 16–17, no. 1–2, pp. 125–154. (In Russian)
  16. Makariuy (Veretennikov), archim. Mitropolity Drevney Rusi (X–XVI veka) [Metropolitans of Ancient Rus’ (from the tenth to sixteenth century)]. Moscow: Sretensky Mo­nastery Publishing House, 2016. 1250 p. (In Russian)
  17. Nasonov A.N. “Russkaya zemlya” i obrazovnie territorii Drevnerusskogo gosu­darstva: Istoriko-geograficheskoe issledovanie: Mongoly i Rus. Istoriya tatarskoy politiki na Rusi [“Russian Land” and Formation of Territories of the Old Russian State: Historical and Geographical Research: The Mongols and Rus’. The History of Tatar Politics in Rus’]. St. Petersburg: “Science”, 2006. 412 p. (In Russian)
  18. Opredeleniya Vladimirskogo sobora, izlozhennye v gramote mitropolita Kirilla II [Definitions of the Vladimir Church Council Set Forth in a Charter by Metropolitan Cyril II]. Russkaya istoricheskaya biblioteka [Russian Historical Library]. St. Petersburg, 1880, vol. 6, part 1, col. 83–102. (In Russian)
  19. Pashuto T.V. Ocherki po istorii Galitsko-Volynskoy Rusi [Essays on the History of Halych-Volhynian Rus’]. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, 1950. 333 p. (In Russian)
  20. Petrushko V.I. Ocherki po istorii russkoy tserkvi. S drevneyshikh vremen do serediny XV v. [Essays on the History of Russian Church. From the Most Ancient Times to the middle of fifteenth century]. Moscow: Publishing house of the Orthodox St. Tikhon University for the Humanities, 2019. 512 p. (In Russian)
  21. Pechnikov M.V. K izucheniyu sobornyh pravil 1273 g. [To the study of conciliar rules of 1273]. Drevnyaya Rus’: Voprosy medievistiki [Ancient Rus’: Questions of Medieval Studies]. 2009, no. 4 (38), pp. 97–107. (In Russian)
  22. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Vol. 1: Lavrent’evskaya letopis’ [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles, Vol. 1: Laurentian Chronicle]. Moscow: “Languages of Slavic culture”, 2001. 496 p. (In Russian)
  23. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Vol. 2: Ipat’evskaya letopis’ [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles, Vol. 2: Hypathian Chronicle]. Moscow: “Languages of Slavic culture”, 2001. 648 p. (In Russian)
  24. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Vol. 3: Novgorodskie letopisi [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles, Vol. 3: Novgorod Chronicles]. St. Petersburg, 1841. 320 p. (In Russian)
  25. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Vol. 4, Part 1: Novgorodskaya chetvyortaya letopis’ [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles, Vol. 4, Part 1: Novgorod Fourth Chronicle]. Moscow: “Languages of Slavic culture”, 2000. 728 p. (In Russian)
  26. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Vol. 10: Letopisnyy sbornik, imenuemyy Patriarshey ili Nikonovskoy letopis’yu [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles, Vol. 10: Chronicle Collection Called the Patriarchal or Nikonian Chronicle]. Moscow: “Languages of Slavic culture”, 2000. 248 p. (In Russian)
  27. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Vol. 40: Gustynskaya letopis’ [Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles, Vol. 40: Gustyn Chronicle]. St. Petersburg: “Dmitry Bulanin”, 2003. 202 p. (In Russian)
  28. Pravila Pravoslavnoy Tserkvi s tolkovaniyami Nikodima, episkopa dalma-tinsko-istriyskogo: V 2 t. [Rules of the Orthodox Church with the Interpretations of Nicodemus, Bishop of the Dalmatian-Istrian: In Two Volumes]. St. Petersburg, 1912. Vol. 1. 641 p.; Vol. 2. 639 p. (In Russian)
  29. Priselkov M.D. Ocherki po tserkovno-politicheskoy istorii Kievskoy Rusi X–XII vv. [Essays on the Church and Political History of Kyivan Rus’ from the tenth to twelfth century]. St. Petersburg: “Science”, 2003. 246 p. (In Russian)
  30. Skochilas I. Galic’ka mitropolіya XIV – pershoї polovini XV stolіt’: osoblivostі eklezіal’nogo, pravovogo ta suspіl’nogo statusu [The Metropolitan of Halych in the fourteenth and first half of fifteenth century: Particularities of canonical, legal, and social status]. Knyazha doba: іstorіya і kul’tura [Princely Time: History and Culture]. 2011, no. 4, pp. 246–279. (In Ukrainian).
  31. Soloviev S.M. Istoriya Rossii s drevneyshih vremen [History of Russia since the Most Ancient Times]. St. Petersburg: “Public Benefit” Partnership, 1851–1879, book 1, vol. I–V. 1726 col. (In Russian)
  32. Tatishchev V.N. Istoriya Rossiyskaya s samykh drevneyshikh vremen neusypnymi trudami cherez tridtsat’ let sobrannaya i opisannaya pokoynym taynym sovetnikom i astrakhanskim gubernatorom, Vasiliem Nikitichem Tatishchevym [Russian History from the Most Ancient Times Collected and Described by the Late Privy Counselor and Astrakhan Governor, Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev, in Vigilant Labor for thirty years]. Moscow: Imperial Moscow University, 1784, book 4. 595 p. (In Russian)
  33. Tolochko A.P. Klim Smolyatich posle nizverzheniya iz mitropolii [Klim Smo­lyatich after the overthrow from the metropolis]. Horoshie dni. Pamyati Aleksandra Stepanovicha Horosheva [Good Days. In Memory of Alexander Stepanovich Khoroshev]. Velikiy Novgorod; St. Petersburg; Moscow: “Leop Art”, 2009, pp. 547–551. (In Russian)

About the author: Pavel I. Gaydenko – Dr. Sci. (History), Associate Professor, Research Fellow of the M.S. Hrushevsky Institute of Ukrainian Archeography and Source Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (4, Trekhsvyatitelskaya Str., Kyiv 01001, Ukraine); ORCID: 0000-0002-2104-362X. E-mail: prof.gaydenko@rambler.ru

Received  November 10, 2020   Accepted for publication  February 4, 2021
Published Online  March 29, 2021