2016. Vol. 4, no. 3

INFORMATION OF “NUKHBAT AL-DAHR FI ‘AJA’IB
AL-BARR WA-AL-BAHR” BY AD-DIMASHQI
ABOUT THE TURKIC TRIBES OF DASHT-I KIPCHAK

Z.S. Ilyasova¹, Zh.M. Sabitov²
^{1, 2} L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University
Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
¹ E-mail: zita.08@mail.ru, ² E-mail: babasan@yandex.ru

This article introduced into academic circulation information of such a historical source as “Nukhbat al-dahr fi ‘aja’ib al-barr wa-al-bahr” (Excerpts of Time on the Marvels of the Land and Sea) on Kipchak clans and Turkic tribes of Dasht-i Kipchak. The material of the study is drawn from this source. Main scientific result of this work was the source’s translation into Russian accompanied by scientific comments. Sheikh Shams al-Din Abu Abdallah Muhammad Abu Talib al-Ansari al-Sufi al-Dimashqi was the author of this work. Some scholars have mistakenly confuse him with another chronicler named Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Yahya Ibn Fadlallah al-Omari al-Dimashqi. There is a widespread misconception that while writing on Kipchak clans and Turkic tribes al-Dimashqi used the data of such an author as Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Yahya al-Ansari al-Qutub al-Warraq al-Vatvat, also known as Ahmad al-Tini. After had studying the manuscripts of al-Tini and al-Dimashqi, we did not notice the connection between these two authors regarding their information about Kipchak clans and Turkic tribes of Dasht-i Kipchak. After had studying the information about Kipchak clans and Turkic tribes of Dasht-i Kipchak, we put forward the theory that 16 ethnonyms previously identified as Kipchak clans, are actually the etnonyms of eight Kipchak clans and eight Turkic tribes. The article also contains the extraction from “Nukhbat al-dahr fi ‘aja’ib al-barr wa-al-bahr” regarding the geography of Dasht-i Kipchak and the countries inhabited by the Turks. The following data are unique in this source: 1. The text describes such rivers as Ceyhun (Amu Darya), Seyhun (Syr Darya), Itil (Volga), as well as Khorezm and Khazar Seas (Aral and Caspian Seas). 2. Additionally, this text lists the following Turkic peoples: al-Kharlukhiya (Karluks), al-Khirgaziya (Kyrgyz), al-Kaymakiya (Kimaks), al-Guzziya (Oguz), al-Bazhanakiya (Pechenegs), al-Tuguzguziya (Uighurs), al-Khulkhiya (?), al-Kaladzhiya (Khaladzhi), al-Guri (Gurians), al-Kamaniya (Cumans), al-Turkishiya (Turgishes), al-Azkashiya (Azkishes), al-Khazar (Khazars), al-Bulgars (Bulgars), al-Burtas (Burtases). 3. From among these people the Khazars, Bulgars and Kipchaks are partly described. The article also provides a list of those authors who used the al-Dimashqi’s information in their researches.

Keywords: al-Tini, al-Dimashqi, Kipchaks, Turks, Kipchak tribes.

For citation: Ilyasova Z.S., Sabitov Zh.M. Information of “Nukhbat al-dahr fi ‘aja’ib al-barr wa-al-bahr” by ad-Dimashqi about the Turkic Tribes of Dasht-i Kipchak. Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 474–484.

About the authors: Zibagul S. Ilyasova – Cand. Sci. (History), Associate Professor, L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Department of Oriental Studies (5 building, Munaytpasov Str., Astana 010008, Kazakhstan). E-mail: zita.08@mail.ru

Zhaksylyk M. Sabitov – Ph.D. (Philosophy), Associate Professor, L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Political Science Department (5 building, Munaytpasov Str., Astana 010008, Kazakhstan). E-mail: babasan@yandex.ru

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9. Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Abu Talib al-Dimashqi (as-Sufi). Nukhbat al-dahr fi ‘aja’ib al-barr wa-al-bahr. St. Petersburg, Imperatorskaya akademiya nauk Publ., 1865. 381 p. (In Arabic)
10. Mehren A.F. Cosmographie de Chems-ed-din Abou Abdallah Mohammed ad-Dimichqui. Texte arabe, publié d’après l’édition commencée par M.M. Fraehn. St. Petersburg, 1866. Available at: http://books.google.ru/books?id=CQ0ZAAAAYAAJ&pg= PT6&hl=ru&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false (In Arabic)

Received June 10, 2016
Accepted for publication August 19, 2016

FROM BATU TO JANYBEK: MILITARY CONFLICTS
OF THE ULUS OF JOCHI WITH POLAND AND HUNGARY (2)*

R. Hautala¹,²
¹ Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Kazan 420014, Russian Federation
² University of Oulu
Oulu 90014, Finland
E-mail: virisequisque@hotmail.com

Research objective: The author of this article examines a number of military conflicts between the ulus of Jochi and both Hungary and Poland followed the first invasion of the Tatars in these lands in 1241.
Research materials: For the most part, the author’s analysis is based on information of synchronous Latin sources in comparison with information contained in Russian and Mamluk chronicles. In addition to the Hungarian, Polish, and German chronicles, the author resorts to the use of the contents of the papal letters to Eastern Europe, which provide both the most reliable information about military conflicts and information on the Papal Curia’s measures to improve the defense of eastern borders of the Latin world from the Tatar raids.
Research results and novelty: During the reign of Batu, Latin sources indicate extreme concern about the possible resumption of the western expansion of the Tatars in spite of the fact that, in reality, Tatar military activity on the eastern borders of Catholic Europe had an extremely minor character. On the contrary, during the reign of Berke, Tatars carried a very destructive raid on Lesser Poland. However, further Tatar expansion was interrupted by an unexpected collapse of the Mongol Empire. The subsequent reign of khan Mengu-Timur was distinguished with relative tension with the Catholic Europe. However, the actual attack on Hungary and Poland took place only under the khans Tuda-Mengu and Tula-Buga.
Later, under the khans Tokhta and Uzbek, the tension between the Golden Horde and Catholic Europe weakened considerably, which, in particular, allowed the beginning of the Hungarian territorial expansion into Moldova. However, the end of the reign of khan Uzbek was characterized by a sharp deterioration of relations between the Golden Horde and Poland, which was associated with the beginning of the war of Galician succession. Analysis of the course of this war shows the apparent weakening of the influence of the Golden Horde in the former Galicia-Volyn principality, which contributed to the further expansion of Poland and Lithuania on the territory of modern Ukraine.

Keywords: Golden Horde, Catholic Europe in the Middle Ages, Tatar invasions, Papal Curia, anti-Tatar Crusades, Latin sources.

For citation: Hautala R. From Batu to Janybek: Military Conflicts of the Ulus of Jochi with Poland and Hungary (2). Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 485–528.

About the author: Roman Hautala – Ph.D. (History), Senior Research Fellow, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (5 entrance, Kremlin, Kazan 420014, Russian Federation); Postdoctoral researcher, Historical branch at the Faculty of Hu­mainites, University of Oulu (Historia, PL 1000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland). E-mail: virisequisque@hotmail.com

* The end of the article. See the beginning in: Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 272–313.

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77. Lupprian K.-E. Die Beziehungen der Päpste zu islamischen und mongolischen Herrschern im 13. Jahrhundert anhand ihres Briefwechsels. Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1981. 328 p. (In German, Latin)
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Received June 27, 2016
Accepted for publication August 25, 2016

TO THE QUESTION OF THE USE OF THE ETHNIC TERM
“TATARs” IN ARAB HISTORICAL LITERATURE[1]

E.G. Sayfetdinova
Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Kazan 420014, Russian Federation
E-mail: аdulya2@yandex.ru

Reconstruction of the ethnogenesis of the peoples inhabited the Golden Horde is one of the issues being studied intensively in modern historical scholarship. Medieval Arab sources play an important role in studying the history of the peoples of the Golden Horde. Study of contemporary Arab authors’ historical researches where medieval Arab chronicles are analyzed in greater detail, is necessary to understand their importance.
Objective: study of the Arab historical literature regarding the issue of the use of the ethnic term “Tatars”.
Some contemporary Arab historical researches are used as materials for this research. For example, Muhammad Sahil Takkush calls the Golden Horde – “Magul-Kypchak”, and Iran – “Magul-Faris” in his book “History of the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria”. Qasim Abdel Qasim, the author of the book “Era of the Mamluk Sultans”, calls the Golden Horde “bilad al-kypchak”. In his work “The Mamluks”, Shaydiyaz al-Garini calls Berke the “khan of the Golden Horde tribe” and the Golden Horde inhabitants – “at-tatar al-kypchak”, i.e. the “Kypchak Tatars”. Of particular interest is the book of Egyptian historian Muhammad Abdelgani al-Ashqar “Salar – the Tatar Muslim Emir (Naib of the Mamluk Sultan in Egypt, 1260–1310)”. It describes the reign of Sultan al-Malik an-Nasir Muhammad who was in close friendly relations with the Golden Horde khan Uzbek. It is known that the Golden Horde Muslims prayed for Sultan al-Malik al-Nasir mentioning his name after khan Uzbek. Long-term friendship between the Golden Horde and Egypt eventually led to the conclusion of a dynastic marriage between Egyptian Sultan an-Nasir and the Golden Horde princess Tulunbay.
As a result, the study of the use of the ethnic term “Tatars” in Arab historical literature remains relevant and requires a review of some of the preconceived ideas about the ethnic history of the Tatar people in the Arab world in favor of the in-depth study of this problem.

Keywords: Golden Horde, term, Tatars, Mongols, Mamluks, Arab historiography.

For citation: Sayfetdinova E.G. To the Question of the Use of the Ethnic Term “Tatars” in Arab Historical literature. Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 529–533.

About the author: Elmira G. Sayfetdinova – Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (5 entrance, Kremlin, Kazan 420014, Russian Federation). E-mail: аdulya2@yandex.ru

[1] English translation by R. Hautala.

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Received June 14, 2016
Accepted for publication August 31, 2016

REIGN OF JOCHID KHAN BEG PULAD
ACCORDING TO WRITTEN AND NUMISMATIC SOURCES

Yu.V. Zayonchkovskiy
Kharkov National University of Construction and Architecture
Kharkov 61002, Ukraine
E-mail: zyv_kharkov@mail.ru

Тhe Golden Horde khan Bek-Bulat’s reign is still representing the subject of debate despite both the fact that the name of this Jochid often occurs in the pages of historical and numismatic researches and the existence of separate research articles devoted to him and his coins.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the political career of Bek-Bulat according to written and numismatic sources. Its objective is to reasonably present the chronology of his reign (including consideration of the issue of his “first” reign).
Materials and methodology of the present study. The article contains high-quality enlarged images of the dangs of this khan with metrology (most of these images have been introduced into the academic circulation for the first time). The author uses these images as sources for reconstruction (or reconstruction’s verification) of historical events and identifies the main types of Bek-Pulad’s silver coins including a previously unknown type of this khan’s dangs with a designation of minting place in Saray al-Jadid. The author analyzes the type of Azak mint’s dangs with spelling of the khan’s name as “Bulad”. He reads their date as 793 AH and dates this emission back to the beginning of Bek-Bulat’s reign.
Results of the study. Oglan Bek-Bulat commanded the Tokhtamish’s troops in 1386 and 1391. After the defeat of the Golden Horde army in the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in summer 1391 Bek-Bulat was proclaimed a khan. The ensuing war between Tokhtamish and Bek-Bulat lasted quite a long time and ended with the death of the latter in the Crimea.
Conclusions. The author dates the reign of Bek-Pulad back to 793–794 AH (approxi­mately the middle of 1391 – mid–1392 AD). Other dates indicated by scholars are based on the incorrect use of numismatic material. The question of the “first” reign of Bek-Bulat still remains open.

Keywords: Jochids, numismatics, Bek-Pulad, Tokhtamish, dang, Saray al-Jadid, Azak, Ordu, Ordu al-Jadid.

For citation: Zayonchkovskiy Yu.V. Reign of Jochid Khan Beg Pulad according to Written and Numismatic Sources. Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 534–551.

About the author: Yuriy V. Zayonchkovskiy – Associate Professor, Department of Ukrainian Studies, Kharkov National University of Construction and Architecture (40, Sumska Str., Kharkov 61002, Ukraine). E-mail: zyv_kharkov@mail.ru

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11. Pokhlebkin V.V. Tatary i Rus’: 360 let otnosheniy, 1238–1598 gg. Spravochnik [Tatars and Russia: 360 Years of Relations, 1238–1598. Directory]. Moscow, Mezh­dunarodnye otnosheniya, 2000. 192 p. (In Russian)
12. Pochekaev R.Yu. Pravo Zolotoy Ordy [The Law of the Golden Horde]. Kazan, Fen Publ., 2009. 260 p. (In Russian)
13. Puteshestviya Ivana Shil’tbergera po Evrope, Azii i Afrike, s 1394 goda po 1427 god [Johann Schiltberger’s Travels through Europe, Asia and Africa, from 1394 up to 1427]. Perevel s nemetskogo i snabdil primechaniyami F. Brun. Zapiski imperatorskogo Novorossiyskogo universiteta. Vol. 1. Odessa, Tipografiya L. Nitche, 1867. 156 p. (In Russian)
14. Pyrsov Yu.E. Katalog dzhuchidskikh monet Saratovskogo oblastnogo muzeya kraevedeniya [Catalog of Jochid Coins of Saratov Regional Museum of Local History]. Kazan, Kazan State Institut. Publ., 2002. 64 p. (In Russian)
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19. Sbornik materialov, otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy. Vol. 2. Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh sochineniy [Collection of Materials Related to the Golden Horde History. Volume 2. Extracts from Persian Writings]. [sost. i obrab. V. Tizengauzen, A.A. Romas­kevich, S.L. Volin]. Moscow, Leningrad, Akademiya nauk SSSR Publ., 1941. 307 p. (In Russian)
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Received June 13, 2016
Accepted for publication August 5, 2016

RAID OF ISLAM GIRAY AND SAFA GIRAY
ON THE “BANK” IN SUMMER 1533

V.V. Penskoi¹, T.M. Penskaya²
^{1, 2} Belgorod National Research University
Belgorod 308015, Russian Federation
¹ E-mail: penskoy@bsu.edu.ru, ² E-mail: penskaya@bsu.edu.ru

The murder by Nogay Mirzas of the Crimean Khan Muhammad Giray I in Astrakhan in 1523 and the subsequent devastation by the Nogays of the Crimea violated the fragile balance of forces and interests of the Crimean influential clans and led to a long and bloody Crimean “zamyatnya” that lasted fifteen years.
Objective: To analyze the raid of Islam Giray and Safa Giray on Russian lands in the summer of 1533.
Research materials: acts relating to the history of Western Siberia, Russian chro­nicles, Lithuanian-Belarusian chronicles, books of noble families.
Research results and novelty: during their military campaign, Islam Giray and Safa Giray did not only rely on the support of the Crimean aristocracy that had been split into hostile groups, but also on the aid of Istanbul, Vilnius and Moscow. The latter tried to use the Crimean dissension in their own interests playing off the warring Crimean “parties” and attempting to channel their energy outward, against their opponents. As a result, the previously purposeful foreign policy of the Crimean Khanate lost its integrity and become like a weather vane that was turning following breeze. Tactical considerations and the pursuit of short-term profits replaced relatively clear and confident foreign policy of Mengli Giray I and Muhammad Giray I.

As a result, none of the neighbors of the Crimea was immune from a sudden attack of the Tatar “vlans, princes and murzas” and their people who felt the freedom and were willing to risk their lives for the sake of the rich booty, which could be seized in convenient opportunity from the neighbors caught by surprise. All these years, the clouds swirled constantly on the Russian-Lithuanian-Crimean borderlands and from time to time they bursted into thunder. One of those storms was the arrival of Islam Giray and his cousin Safa Giray on sovereign “Ukraine” in the summer of 1533.

Keywords: Russia, Crimea, Russian-Crimean relations in the first half of the 16^th century, Vasily III, Crimean Giray dynasty, Russian-Crimean wars.

For citation: Penskoi V.V., Penskaya T.M. Raid of Islam Giray and Safa Giray on the “Bank” in Summer 1533. Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 552–569.

About the authors: Vitaly V. Penskoi – Dr. Sci. (History), Professor, Belgorod
National Research University (85, Pobedy Str., Belgorod 308015, Russian Federation).
E-mail: penskoy@bsu.edu.ru

Tatyana M. Penskaya – Cand. Sci. (History), Assistant Professor, Belgorod National Research University (85, Pobedy Str., Belgorod 308015, Russian Federation). E-mail: penskaya@bsu.edu.ru

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Received 13 June, 2016
Accepted for publication August 5, 2016

MEMORIES OF STATEHOOD
IN THE DEFTER-I GENGHIS-NAME

Maria Ivanics
University of Szeged
Szeged 6722, Hungary
E-mail: res13986@helka.iif.hu

The Turkic peoples of the Volga Region lost their statehood for centuries due to the Russian occupation of the Khanate of Kazan and Astrakhan in the mid–16^th century. The memory of statehood among these peoples has been maintained and preserved for posterity through the oral historiography of the steppe. It comes as no surprise then that there has been an effort to create and strengthen the national identities in the post-Soviet Turkic republics with the successive publication of the latest editions of national epics and collections of historical stories.
Research objectives and materials: This investigation focuses on one such source that forms part of the oral historiography of the steppe, a Genghis-name compiled and re­corded by an unknown author in the late 17^th century. The chapter on Genghis Khan contains two stories that depict the various forms of organisational practices in nomadic states. The first was characteristic of the Golden Horde and the Nogai Horde at its zenith; it concerns the joint rule of the khan and the beglerbeg. The second depicts relations in the late Golden Horde and its successor states, in which the khan and the four chieftains constituted and led the country together. In the Genghis-name we could set the type of a super complex chiefdom headed by Temir Kutlu Khan with his four karačı biy’s of the clans Kiyat, Kongrat, Cathay, Saldzhut.
Research results and novelty: It was possible to give an answer to the question why are so different the karačı biy’s of the Great Horde of those in the other late Golden Horde states.
A historian can glean information from this story both on the age in which the source was created and on practices of nomadic rule: What stands out above all is that the clans had the right to resist and that they were able to shift away from their tyrannical rulers without any consequences and seek a new ruler for themselves. The steppe lacked the po­wer of law that would have enabled the ruler to use force in such cases. The khan was only able to maintain his power over the chieftains through his generous gifts or by ensuring regular opportunities for booty. The khan came to be the leader of the society through the support of the chieftains but had no absolute power over them.

Keywords: Volga Region, Defter-i Genghis-name, oral historiografical tradition, Golden Horde, Great Horde, Temir Kutlu Khan, karačı biy’s.

For citation: Ivanics M. Memories of Statehood in the Defter-i Genghis-name. Golden Horde Review. 2016, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 570–579.

About the author: Maria Ivanics – Ph.D. (History), Professor, Department of Altaic Studies, University of Szeged Hungary (Egyetem u. 2, Szeged 6722, Hungary). E-mail: res13986@helka.iif.hu

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Received May 25, 2016
Accepted for publication August 17, 2016

TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE CIRCUMSTANCES
OF HAJI GIRAY’S COMING TO POWER

A.V. Yakushechkin
Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Kazan 420014, Russian Federation
E-mail: qrim_alex@yandex.ru

Research objectives: Author of this paper has attempted to clarify the circumstances of khan Haji Giray’s ascension to power. Unfortunately, very little information about this event has survived to the present day.
Research materials: For this reason, a thorough examination of all available data, its comparative analysis and interpretation acquire great importance. In this work the author attempted to summarize various available sources of information on this topic: data contained in the Treasury books of Caffa of 1441–1442, details of European chroniclers, reports of Oriental authors.
An integrated approach to the problem reflects the novelty of this work. The author has not only analyzed the maximum amount of sources at our disposal, but he presented a critical review of historiography as well.

A summary of the main results of this work:

1. Extended analysis of the historiography on this issue revealed the erroneous assumptions and arguments that led to the incorrect dates of Haji Giray’s coming to power.
2. Beys elevated Haji Giray on the Crimean throne, first of all, to deal with Sayyd Ahmad.
3. The decision to send ambassadors to Casimir was taken by the Crimean beys soon after the death of Aidar. Ambassadors to Casimir left the Crimea around December 1441 – January 1442.
4. Haji Giray was proclaimed khan no later than March 1442. Immediately after this proclamation, Haji Giray went to the military campaign against Sayyd Ahmad, beyond the Crimea. The company continued, at least, until mid-summer and ended with the victory of Haji Giray.
5. Books of accounts (massariae) of Caffa mention Haji Giray’s brother in May 1442. Apparently, this was Janai (Janai-oglan), well-known by many sources. In addition, the author has found confirmation of the sources’ information about that Devlet-Keldi (an educator or atabeg of Haji Giray’s father, Ghiyas-ud-Din) came to Haji Giray.

A detailed study of primary sources – of Massariae Caffae and of the correspondence of Bank of St. George’s protectors with the administration of Caffa – as well as archival research of the Istanbul documentary collections and the study of the corpus of Russian diplomatic documents from the 15^th–16^th centuries will clarify findings of this paper.

Keywords: Crimea, Golden Horde, Crimean Khanate, Caffa, treasury book, Massaria Caffe, Ulu-Muhammad, Aidar, Sayyd Ahmad, Tegine, Haji Giray.

For citation: Yakushechkin А.V. To the Question about the Circumstances of Haji Giray’s Coming to Power. Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 580–601.

About the author: Alexander V. Yakushechkin – Postgraduate student, Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (5 entrance, Kremlin, Kazan 420014, Russian Federation). E-mail: qrim_alex@yandex.ru

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26. Tiesenhausen V.G. Sbornik materialov, otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy [Collection of Materials Related to the Golden Horde History]. Moscow, Leningrad, 1941. 308 p. (In Russian)
27. Florya B.N. Orda i gosudarstva Vostochnoy Evropy v seredine XV veka (1430–1460) [The Horde and Eastern European States in the mid–15^th century (1430–1460)]. Slavyane i ikh sosedi. Vyp.10. Slavyane i kochevoy mir. K 75-letiyu akademika G.G. Litavrina [The Slavs and Their Neighbors. Iss. 10. The Slavs and the Nomadic World. On the 75^th Anniversary of Academician G.G. Litavrin]. Moscow, 2001, pp. 172–196. (In Russian)
28. Khalim Giray. Rozovyy kust khanov, ili istoriya Kryma [Rosebush of the Khans, or History of the Crimea]. Simferopol, 2008. 192 p. (In Russian)
29. Khronika Bykhovtsa [Bychowiec Chronicle]. Moscow, 1966. 155 p. (In Russian)
30. Yakushechkin A.V. K voprosu o vozmozhnosti uchastiya Khadzhi Giraya v sobytiyakh, proizoshedshikh v Krymu v 1433–1434 gg. [On the Possibility of Haji Giray’s Participation in the Events That Took Place in the Crimea in 1433–1434]. Prichernomor’e. Istoriya, politika, kul’tura [The Black Sea Region. History, Politics, Culture]. Is. XVI(V), seriya A, Sevastopol, 2015, pp. 136–144. (In Russian)
31. W. Bartold. Hadji-Girai, in the Encyclopédie de l’Islam, II (1927). (In French)
32. Jorga N. Notes et extraits pour servir à l’histoire des Croisades au XV^e siècle. Vol. I, Paris, 1899. 581 p. (In Latin)
33. Kolankowski L. Dzieje Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Vol. 1, 1377–1499. Warszawa, 1930. 475 p. (In Polish)
34. Paganini A. Vocabolario domestico genovese-italiano. Genova, 1857. 298 p. + 37 tables. (In Italian)
35. Retowski O. Die Munzen der Girei. Trudy Moskovskogo numizma­ticheskogo obshchestva [Proceedings of the Moscow Numismatic Society]. Moscow, 1901. Vol. 2. Is. 3, pp. 241–308 + 6 taf. (In German)
36. Stello A. Grenzerfahrung Interaktion und Kooperation im spätmittelalterlichen Schwarzmeerraum. Trier, 2011. 251 p. (In German)
37. Stryjkowski M. Kronika Polska, Litewska, źmódska i wszystkiej Rusi. Warszawa, 1846. Vol. II. 572 p. (In Polish)
38. Vasiliev A. A. The Goths in the Crimea. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1936. 292 p.

Received June 2, 2016
Accepted for publication August 10, 2016

PROBLEMS OF THE STUDY OF THE CRIMEAN
COURT REGISTRES OF THE 17^TH–18^TH CENTURIES

O.D. Rustemov
Ardahan University
Ardahan 75000, Turkey
E-mail: biblos@ukr.net

The first mention of the Crimean court registries – sijils – belong to the 1800s. At that time, translations of some texts were made, the content of these monuments was relatively minutely described and their historical and philological significance was evaluated. However, separate volumes of presented documents still have not been published. Neither comprehensive linguistic study nor description of terminology and style of these texts have not been made.
Research objectives: study of the Crimean court registries of the 17^th–18^th centuries. One of the problems lying on the surface of this field of study of the Crimean Tatar language history and the right is the question about the compilers of these judicial materials. Whom we can consider the author or scribe of a court registry? How competent is an assertion that these books are kadiaskers books?
Research materials: the court registries, kadylyk, kadiasker defters. The paper also raised the question of authenticity of the Crimean law and the two sources of the entire justice system of this Eastern European Turkic state: Sharia and actual Turkic law – Töre implemented subsequently in various legislative compilations, such as the Yasa of Chinggis Khan. Another issue of research of these monuments is the question of their content. Fedor Lashkov identified the Crimean records of Sharia courts as a sort of land records’ acts.
Research results and novelty: As a result of a detailed study, the author found that its own jurisdiction and its own laws, which did not always coincide with the laws of the Ottoman Empire, functioned in the Crimean Khanate. Despite their historical and philological value as well as more than a century of study, Crimean court registries still contain many blank spots. This again points to the need for their early reading, translation into modern Turkish language and publication, which should be carried out in the Crimean Tatar and Russian languages.

Keywords: court registries, kadylyk, kazasker defters, Ottoman Empire, Crimean Khanate, yarlyk.

For citation: Rustemov O.D. Problems in the Study of the Crimean Court Registries of the 17^th–18^th centuries. Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 602–615.

About the author: Oleg D. Rustemov – Ph.D. (Philology), Docent, Ardahan University (Ardahan 75000, Turkey). E-mail:biblos@ukr.net

REFERENCES

1. Abdusalamov Magomed-Pasha Balashovich. Administrativnoe upravlenie sham­khal’stva Tarkovskogo v XVII–XVIII vekakh [Administration of Tarkovsky Shamkhalate in the 17^th–18^th centuries]. Vestnik Severnogo (Arkticheskogo) federal’nogo universiteta. Seriya, Gumanitarnye i sotsial’nye nauki [Bulletin of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences]. 2013, no. 6, pp. 5–9. (In Russian)
2. Biyarslanov M. Vypisi iz” kadіaskerskogo sakka (knigi) 1017 – 1022 khidzhry (1608/9 – 1613 g. khr. let.), khranyashchagosya v arkhіve Tavricheskogo Gubernskogo Prav­leniya [Extracts from Kadiasker Sakka (Book) for 1017–1022 AH (1608/9 – 1613 AD) Stored in Archive of the Tauride Provincial Board]. Izvestiya Tavricheskoy uchenoy arkhivnoy komissii [Proceedings of the Tauride Scientific Archival Commission]. Nos. 8; 9; 10. Simferopol, Tipografiya Tavricheskogo gubernskogo pravleniya. 1889–1891. (In Russian)
3. Vernadsky G.V. Mongoly i Rus’ [The Mongols and Russia]. Perevod s angliyskogo, E.P. Berenshteyn, B.L. Gubman, O.V. Stroganova. Tver, LEAN Publ., 1997. 476 p. (In Russian)
4. Kopii krymskikh sudebnykh reestrov, khranyashchikhsya v biblioteke im. Gasprin­skogo v Simferopole [Copies of the Crimean Court Registries Stored in Gasprinsky Library in Simferopol]. (In Russian)
5. Lashkov F.F. Kameral’noe opisanie Kryma [Cameral Description of the Crimea]. Izvestiya Tavricheskoy uchenoy arkhivnoy komissii [Proceedings of the Tauride Scientific Archival Commission]. Nos. 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8. Simferopol, Tipografiya Tavricheskogo gubernskogo pravleniya. 2-oe izdanie, 1887–1889. (In Russian)
6. Lashkov F.F. Istoricheskiy ocherk Krymsko-tatarskogo zemlevladeniya [Historical Sketch of the Crimean Tatar Land Tenure]. Izvestiya Tavricheskoy uchenoy arkhivnoy komissii [Proceedings of the Tauride Scientific Archival Commission]. Nos. 21; 22; 23; 24; 25. Simferopol, Tipografiya Tavricheskogo gubernskogo pravleniya, 1894–1897 (In Russian)
7. Pochekaev R.Yu. Sud i pravosudie v Zolotoy Orde [Court and Justice in the Golden Horde]. Pravovedenie [Jurisprudence]. 2004, no. 2, pp. 217–232. (In Russian)
8. Rustemov O.D. Vnutrennyaya stilistika bakhchisarayskikh sidzhiley [Internal Style of Bakhchisarai Sijils]. Skhodoznavstvo [Oriental Studies]. № 64. Kyїv, Іnstitut Skhodoznavstva im. A.Yu. Krims’kogo, NAN Ukraїni, 2013, pp. 108–116. (In Russian)
9. Rustemov O.D. Yuridicheskaya terminologiya krymskotatarskogo yazyka: genezis, evolyutsiya, perspektivy [Legal Terminology of the Crimean Tatar Language: Genesis, Evolution and Prospects]. Simferopol, «Krimnavchpedderzhvidav», 2014. 200 p. (In Russian)
10. Tөre Bіtіgі. Armyano-Kypchakskiy sudebnik 1519–1594. Kypchaksko-pol’skaya versiya sudebnika i armyano-kypchakskiy protsessual’nyy kodeks. L’vov, Kamenets-Podol’skiy 1519–1594 [Armenian-Kipchak Code of Law 1519–1594. Kipchak-Polish Version of Code of Law and Armenian-Kipchak Procedure Code. Lviv, Kamenetz-Podolsky 1519–1594]. Podgotovka, transkriptsiya, russkiy perevod, primechaniya, kypchaksko-russkiy glossariy i stat’ya Aleksandra Garkavtsa. Kazakhskiy perevod i kypchaksko-kazakhskiy glossariy Gayrata Sapargalieva. Latinskiy tekst, perevod na ukrainskiy yazyk i stat’ya Mirona Kapralya. Almaty, Desht-i-Kypchak, Baur, 2003. 791 p. (In Russian)
11. Anhegger R., İnalcık H. Kanunname-i Sultani Ber Mûceb-i ‘Örf-i ‘Osmanî. II Mehmed ve II Bayezid Devirlerine ait Yasakname ve Kanunnameler. 2 Baskı. Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2000. 97 p. (In Turkish)
12. Bıyık Ö. Kırım’ın İdarî ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Tarihi. İstanbul, Ötüken Neşriyat, 2014. 300 p. (In Turkish)
13. Çobanzade Bekir. Leningratta Qırım hatireleri. Oquv işleri (ىرلiamitçİ .( شاي وقوا -siyasiy ve terbiyevi aylıq jurnal. Qırım Maarif Qomissarlığı neşiri.Bağçesaray Hüner ve Sanayı Mektebi basmahanesi. Ağustos–Sentyabr, 1925. Numara 4–5, pp. 14–19. (In Crimean Tatar)
14. Demir A. Türk Hukuk Tarihi. İstanbul, Yitik Hazine Yayınları 2011. 256 p. (In Turkish)
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17. Osmanlıca. Türkçe Ansiklopedik Büyük. Lugat. Hazırlayan Heyet: A. Yeğin, A. Badılı, İ. Hekimoğlu, İ. Çalım. İstanbul, Türdav, 1995. 1070 p. (In Turkish)
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19. Turan A.N. Kırım Hanlığı Kadı Sicilleri Hakkında Notlar. Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi, 9 (2003 Güz), İstanbul, 2003, pp. 1–16. (In Turkish)
20. Uzunçarşılı İ.H. Osmanlı Devletnin İlmiye Teşkilâtı. Ankara, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1988. 350 p. (In Turkish)

Received June 7, 2016
Accepted for publication August 12, 2016

CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF STUDYING SOURCES
ON THE HISTORY OF CRIMEAN KHANATE IN TURKISH ARCHIVES

Sh.E. Seit-Mametov ¹,²
¹ V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
Simferopol 295007, Crimea, Russian Federation
² Crimean Research Center,
Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Bakhchisaray 298405, Crimea, Russian Federation
E-mail: shukriseitmametov@gmail.com

Research objectives: to consider the current state of the study of sources on the history of the Crimean Khanate in Turkish archives and determine the prospects for the study of this issue.
Research materials: works of domestic and foreign Orientalists in the study of the Crimean sources in Turkish archives.
Results and novelty of the research: the author analyzed the current state of the study of sources on the history of the Crimean Khanate in Turkish archives. The works of such prominent scholars as A. Bennigsen, Ö. Gokbilgin, A.N. Kurat, Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, V.D. Smirnov and others deserve the most attention. Sophisticated paleography (age and conditions of documents) of the Ottoman sources and difficulties with their translation were the main reason for their insufficient use. In their studies, Orientalists presents facsimiles of the originals of letters and their translations, give the transcript values of complex or controversial words, solve problems with the translation of dates into the modern chronology and also produce a detailed external criticism of documents: they describe their length, quality of the paper, handwriting and also decode the khans’ seals. This enables modern researchers to get acquainted with some of the earliest sources on the history of the Crimean Khanate. The author has revealed a number of new challenges that need to be addressed in the further study of sources on the history of the Crimean Khanate: translation of foreign Orientalists’ works into Russian as well as synthesis and integration of predecessors’ works, since each individual work does not cover all the documents of interest to modern scholars. The study of sources on the history of the Crimean Khanate remains a promising challenge for modern researchers, since in Turkish archives are stored unpublished documents waiting for their turn to enter into scholarly circulation.

Keywords: archive of the Topkapı, Crimean Khanate, sources, Giray, historiography.

For citation: Seit-Mametov Sh.E. Current State and Prospects of Studying Sources on the History of Crimean Khanate in Turkish Archives. Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. . 616–625.

About the author: Shukri E. Seit-Mametov – Post-graduate student, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University (4, Academician Vernadsky Prospect, Simferopol 295007, Crimea, Russian Federation); Research Fellow, Crimean Research Center, Sh.Marjani Ins­titute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (57«L», Basenko Str., Bakhchisaray 298405, Crimea, Russian Federation). E-mail: shukriseitmametov@gmail.com

REFERENCES

1. Vasil’ev A.D. Khranenie dokumentov i arkhivnoe delo v Osmanskoy imperii [Document Storage and Archiving in the Ottoman Empire]. Vostok, Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriya i sovremennost’ [Orient: Afro-Asian Societies: Past and Present]. 2010, no. 5, pp. 35–48. (In Russian)
2. Dokumenty po istorii Volgo-Ural’skogo regiona XVI–XIX vekov iz drevlekhranilishch Turtsii: sb. dokum. [Documents on the History of the Volga-Ural Region of the 16^th–19^th centuries from Turkish Archives: collection of documents]. I.A. Mus-ta­kimov; pod red. D. I. Ibragimova. Kazan, Gasyr Publ., 2008. 464 p. (In Russian)
3. Mustakimov I.A. V arkhivakh Turtsii [In Turkish Archives]. Gasyrlar avazy – Ekho vekov [Echo of the Ages]. 2007, no. 2, pp. 299–306. (In Russian)
4. Nepomnyashchiy A.A. Podvizhniki krymovedeniya [Devotees of the Crimean Studies]. Vol. 2: TAURICA ORIENTALIA. Resp. komitet ARK po okhrane kul’turnogo naslediya. Simferopol, 2008, pp. 90–100 (Seriya: «Biobibliografiya krymovedeniya»; is. 12). (In Russian)
5. Ocherki Mardzhani o vostochnykh narodakh [Marjani’s Essays on the History of Oriental Peoples]. Per. A.N. Yuzeeva. Kazan, Tatarskoe knizhnoe Publ., 2003. 175 p. (In Russian)
6. Rakhimova A. Pis’mo khana Zolotoy Ordy Makhmuda v Stambul (1466 g.) [A Letter of the Golden Horde Khan Mahmud to Istanbul (1466)]. Gasyrlar avazy – Ekho vekov [Echo of the Ages]. 1996, no. 3/4, p. 23. (In Russian)
7. Seyt-Mametov Sh.E. Akdes Nimet Kurat – issledovatel’ istochnikov po istorii Krymskogo khanstva v osmanckikh arkhivakh [Akdes Nimet Kurat: A Researcher of Sources on the History of the Crimean Khanate in the Ottoman Archives]. Uchenye zapiski Tavricheskogo natsional’nogo universiteta im. V.I. Vernadskogo [Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Tauride National University]. 2014. Vol. 27 (66), no. 1, pp. 67–72. (In Russian)
8. Smirnov V.D. Krymskoe khanstvo pod verkhovenstvom Otomanskoy Porty do nachala XVIII veka [The Crimean Khanate under the Rule of the Ottoman Porte until the early 18^th century]. St. Petersburg, 1887. XXXV. 772 p. (In Russian)
9. Smirnov V.D. Krymskoe khanstvo pod verkhovenstvom Otomanskoy Porty v XVIII veke [The Crimean Khanate under the Rule of the Ottoman Porte in the 18^th century]. Odessa, 1889. 252 p. (In Russian)
10. Aslantaş Selim. Halil İnalcık’ın Akademik Biyografisi. Halil İnalcık Armağanı I. – Doğu Batı Yay. Temmuz, 2009. P. 11. (In Turkish)
11. Edebiyatımızda isimler sözlüğü. B. Necatigil 7 bs. Ist., 1972. P. 56. (In Turkish)
12. Emine Çaykara. Tarihçilerin Kutbu – Halil İnalcık Kitabı. P. 15. (In Turkish)
13. Gokbilgin Ö. Quelques sources manuscrites sur l’époque de Sahib Giray, khan de Crimée (1532–1551) à Istanbul, Paris et Leningrad. Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique. 1970. Vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 462–469. (In French)
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15. Hakki I. Topkapi Sarayinda deri uzerine yapilmis eski haritalar. Istanbul, 1936. 203 p. (In Turkish)
16. Kurat A.N. Topkapı Saray Müzesi Arşivindeki Altın ordu, Kırım ve Türkistan hanlarına ait yarlık ve bitikler. Istanbul, 1940. Dil ve tarih – coğrafiya fakültesi yayinla­rindan. Tarih serisi 1. 212 p. (In Turkish)
17. Le khanate de Crimée des Archives du Musèe du palais de Topkapi. A. Ben­ningsen, Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, P. N. Boratav, D. Desaive. Paris and Hugue: Mouton, 1978. 458 p. (In French)
18. Lemercier-Quelquejay Ch. Les expéditions de Devlet Girây contre Moscou en 1571 et 1572 d’après s les documents des Arshives ottomans. Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies (CMRS). 1972. Vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 480–490. (In French)
19. Lemercier-Quelquejay Ch. Les Khanat de Kazan et de Crimée face à la Moscovie en 1521 d’après un document inédit des Archives du Musée du Palais de Topkapi. Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique. 1971. Vol. 12, no. 4. Octobre – decembre. 655 p. (In French)
20. Lemercier-Quelquejay Ch. Une source inédite pour l’histoire de la Russie au XVIе siècle. Les registres des Mühimme Defterleri, des Archives du Baş-Vekâlet. Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique. 1967, no. 2, pp. 335–343. (In French)
21. Ostapchuk V. Bohdan Xmel’nyc’kyj and the Porte: A document from the Ottoman archives. Harvard Ukrainian Studies 8, 1984, pp. 453–473 [co-authored with András Riedlmayer].
22. Ostapchuk V. Five documents from the Topkapi Palace Archive on the Ottoman defense of the Black Sea against the Cossacks (1639). Journal of Turkish Studies 11, 1987, pp. 49–104.
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24. Ostapchuk V. The Publication of Documents on the Crimean Khanate in the Topkapi Sarayi: New Sources for the History of the Black Sea Basin. Harvard Ukrainian Studies 6. 1982, pp. 500–528.
25. Tarih-i Sahib Giray Han (Histoire de Sahib Giray, khan de Crimée de 1532 à 1551). Haz. Ö. Gokbilgin. Ankara, 1973. 313 p. (In Turkish)
26. Tok Gökhan. Dűnyaca Taninmış Tarihçimiz Halil İnalcik. Bilim ve Teknik. S. 357. (In Turkish)
27. Topkapi Sarayi Muzesi Arsivi Kilavuzu. Topkapi Sarayi Müzesi Direktörlüğünce tertip e’ttirilmiş. Istanbul, 1938. 120 p. (In Turkish)

Received May 10, 2016
Accepted for publication August 2, 2016

DIPLOMATIC DOCUMENTATION OF THE CRIMEAN KHANATE
IN THE 16^TH CENTURY (1515–1596): TO THE QUESTION
ABOUT THE CURRENT STATE OF PUBLISHING

A.V. Vinogradov
Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow 117036, Russian Federation
E-mail: avinogradov1957@yandex.ru

Research objectives: to outline the key issues of the current state of publication of diplomatic documents containing information about the Crimean Khanate’s relations with Russian and Polish-Lithuanian states during the period of 1515–1596.
Research materials: the Crimean diplomatic documents and letters of the Crimean khans Muhammad Giray I, Saadet Giray, Islam Giray I, Sahib Giray, Devlet Giray I, Mohammed Giray II, Islam Giray II and Gazi Giray II to the Moscow princes and Polish kings preserved in the archives and library manuscript collections in Russia and Poland.
Research results: as a result of research the author has introduced into scholarly circulation a generic list of (both published and unpublished) messages of the Crimean khans to the Polish kings and princes of Moscow for the period of 1515–1596 preserved in the archives and library manuscript collections in Russia and Poland.
Research novelty: the author is the first to consider the problem of the publication of diplomatic documents of the Crimean Khanate being a part of the Crimean ambassadorial books in the fund 123 (“Russian relations with the Crimea”) of Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts.

Keywords: Crimean Khanate, diplomatic documentation of the Crimean Khanate, ambassadorial messages of the Crimean khans, Crimean ambassadorial books, “Lithuanian Metrica”.

For citation: Vinogradov A.V. Diplomatic Documentation of the Crimean Khanate in the 16^th century (1515–1596): To the Question about the Current State of Publishing.
Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 626–647.

About the author: Aleksander V. Vinogradov – Cand. Sci. (History), Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences (19, Dm. Ulyanov Str., Moscow 117036, Russian Federation). E-mail: avinogradov1957@yandex.ru

REFERENCES

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5. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy arkhiv drevnikh aktov [Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts]. F. 123 (Snosheniya Rossii s Krymom) [Russian Relations with the Crimea] Op. 1 Ed. khr.:6 7, 8. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21; F. 127 (Snosheniya Rossii s Nogayskoy Ordoy) [Russian Relations with the Nogay Horde] Op.1 1586 (stolbtsy) Ed.khr. 1, 13. (In Russ.)
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9. Florya B.N. Dve gramoty Sakhib-Gireya [Two Charters of Sahib Giray]. Slavyane i ikh sosedi. Is. 10. Slavyane i kochevoy mir. K 75-letiyu akademika G.G. Litavrina [The Slavs and Their Neighbors. Is. 10. The Slavs and the Nomadic World. On the 75^th Anniversary of Academician G.G. Litavrin]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2001, pp. 236–240. (In Russian)
10. Khoroshkevich A.L. Rus’ i Krym: ot soyuza k protivostoyaniyu. Konets XV – nachalo XVI vv. [Russia and the Crimea: From the Union to the Confrontation. The end of the 15^th – beginning of the 16^th centuries]. Moscow, Editorial URSS, 2001. 336 p. (In Russian)
11. Shambul’do F. Yarlyki (dokonchaniya) Krymskogo khana Magmet Gireya [Yarlyks of the Crimean Khan Magmet Giray]. Lietuvos Didziosios kunigaikstystes istorijos saltiniai. Faktas. Kontekstas. Interpretacija. Lietuvos istorijos institutas; [redakcine kolegija: Artuas Dubonis (pirmininkas)…[et. al.]. Vilnius, Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla, 2007, pp. 247–284. (In Russian)
12. Shcherbatov M.M. Istoriya Rossiyskaya ot drevneyshikh vremen [Russian History from the Ancient Times]. Vol. 5, Part. 1, Part 4. St. Petersburg, 1903. (In Russian)
13. Shcherbatov M.M. Istoriya Rossiyskaya ot drevneyshikh vremen [Russian History from the Ancient Times]. Vol. 6, Part. 2. St. Petersburg, 1904. (In Russian)
14. Archiwum Glowne Akt Dawnych w warszawie (AGAD) Archivum Koronne Warzawskie (AKW) Dz tatsrskie Karton 62 Libri Legationum Metryka Koronna. (In Polish)
15. Biblioteka Muzeum Narodowego im. Czartoryskich w Krakowie (Bibl. Czart.) Teka Naruszewicza t. 90 (Stefan Batory) Zbior akt trybunalskich I wojskowycj dotycz ziem ruskich z lat 1554–1790. (In Polish)
16. Kolodziejczyk D. The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania. Leiden, Boston, 2011.
17. Lietuvos Metrika. Knyga Nr. 7: (1505–1539). Užrašymų knyga 7 / Parengė I Ilariente, L Karalius, d Antanavicius.Vilnus, 2011. 1012 p. (In Lithuanian)
18. Lietuvos Metrika. Knyga Nr. 593: (1585–1604). Diplomatinų reikalų knyga / Parengė A. Baliulis. Vilnius, 2009. 300 p. (In Lithuanian)
19. Lietuvos Metrika. Knyga Nr. 594: (1585–1600) / Lietuvos istorijos institutas; parengė A.Baliulis. Vilnius, 2006. 298 p. (In Lithuanian)
20. Pulaski K. Stosunki z Mendli-Girejem, chanem tatarow perekopskich. Krakow, 1881. (In Polish)
21. Skorupa D. Stosunki polsko-tatarskie, 1595–1623. Dariusz Skorupa. Warszawa, Neriton, Inst. historii PAN, 2004. 294 p. (In Polish)

Received June 3, 2016
Accepted for publication August 22, 2016

TRANSCRIPT OF THE ROUND-TABLE
“LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE KAZAN KHANATE”[2]
(Kazan, November 20, 2015)*

November 20, 2015, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates held a round-table dedicated to issues of law development in the Kazan Khanate. I.M. Mirgaleev, Cand. Sci. (History), Head of Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates acted as a moderator of this event. Roman Pochekaev, Cand. Sci. (Jurisprudence), Professor, Head of Department of Theory and History of Law and State of the National Research University, Higher School of Economics in St. Petersburg, made a presentation on the theme of the “Legal System of the Kazan Khanate”.

The discussion of presentation was attended by: I.L. Izmailov, Cand. Sci. (History), Leading Research Fellow of the Institute of Archaeology of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences; I.A. Mustakimov, Cand. Sci. (History), Head of the Academic Use of Archival Documents and International Relations of the Main Archival Administration under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan; as well as by Center staff: A.V. Aksanov, Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow; T.F. Khaidarov, Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow; E.G. Sayfetdinova, Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow; B.R. Rakhimzyanov, Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow; L.F. Baibulatova, Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow.

The participants of the discussion not only managed to identify the key issues and outline prospects for further research but also put forward the original hypotheses and deve­loped some methods for their verification.

Keywords: round-table, Kazan Khanate, participants, discussion.

For citation: Transcript of the Round-table “Legal System of the Kazan Khanate” (Kazan, November 20, 2015). Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 648–667.

[2] Edited by I.M. Mirgaleev, A.V. Aksanov.
* Venue: Conference Hall of Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences.

Received June 10, 2016
Accepted for publication August 19, 2016

RASHID AL-DIN. SHU’AB-I PANJGANAH.
2. THE MONGOLS AND TURKS (1)[3]

Research objectives and materials: The “Shu’ab-i panjganah” is a Persian manuscript of Rashid al-Din’s works – the medieval historian who lived in Persia and worked at the Ilkhanid court at the end of the 13^th – beginning of the 14^th centuries. The manuscript is a largely genealogical work written on the basis of a more comprehensive historical work of Rashid al-Din – “Jami al-Tawarikh”. “Shu’ab-i panjganah” contains genealogies of the prophets of Abrahamic religions, the rulers of the Arab Caliphate until the conquest of Baghdad by the Mongols, the Chinese dynasties and rulers of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as a list of the Popes. The greatest interest for this study is spurred by the fifth part, dedicated to the Chinggisids. The article presents a part of the translation of the 2^nd chapter of the manuscript. This part contains a genealogical tree of Chinggis Khan (from his ancestor Dubun bayan, but without his descendants). The results of translation and analyses of the text of the manuscript could serve to various purposes: study of Rashid al-Din’s heritage, Great Horde history, genealogical history of Chinggis Khan and his descendants. The translation of the manuscript has never been published neither partly nor fully.
Research results and novelty: The genealogy of Chinggis Khan’s ancestors contained in “Shu’ab-i panjganah” mainly repeats the information from “Jami al-Tawarikh”, although additional data is also available. Comparison of “Shu’ab-i panjganah” with brief genealogical tables in “Jami al-Tawarikh” shows that, on the one hand, “Shu’ab-i panjganah” is an addition to “Jami al-Tawarikh”, and on the other hand, the tables in “Jami al-Tawarikh” is a kind of rough version of the genealogical trees contained in “Shu’ab-i panjganah”.

Keywords: Rashid al-Din, Shu’ab-i panjganah, Jami al-Tawarikh, Compendium of Chronicles, Chinggis Khan, Chinggis Khan’s genealogy, Mongol genealogies, Rashid al-Din’s heritage, Persian manuscript.

For citation: Rashid al-Din. Shu’ab-i panjganah. 2. The Mongols and Turks (1). Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 668–680.

About the author (translator): Chulpan I. Khamidova – Post-graduate student, Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (5 entrance, Kremlin, Kazan 420014, Russian Federation); zahragizza@gmail.com

[3] Beginning of the article. Translation from Persian, foreword and comments by Ch.I. Khamidova.

REFERENCES

1. Mirgaleev I.M. «Shuab-i pandzhgana» Rashid ad-Dina: perspektivy izucheniya [Rashid al-Din’s “Shuab-i Pandjghana”: Research Perspectives]. Golden Horde Review. 2013, no. 1, pp. 57–64. (In Russian)
2. Mirgaleev I.M., Khamidova Ch.I. Genealogiya predkov Uzbek-khana po dannym «Shuab-i pandzhgana» Rashid ad-dina [The Genealogy of Uzbek Khan’s Ancestors accor­ding to the Rashid al-Din’s “Shuab-ı pandzhgana”]. Golden Horde Civilization. Red. izdaniya i sostavitel’ I.M. Mirgaleev. Is. 6. Kazan, Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2013. P. 22. (In Russian)
3. Rashid al-Din. Sbornik letopisey. Vol. I. Kniga vtoraya [Compendium of Chro­nicles. Vol. I. The Second Book]. Moscow, Leningrad, Akademiya nauk SSSR Publ., 1952. 60 p. (In Russian)
4. Rashid al-Din. Sbornik letopisey [Compendium of Chronicles]. Vol. II. Moscow, Leningrad, Akademiya nauk SSSR Publ., 1960. 316 p. (In Russian)
5. Rashid al-Din. “Shuab-i pandzhgana”. Faksimile. Podgotovka k izdaniyu k.i.n. I.M. Mirgaleev. Kazan, Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2016. 460 p. (In Russian)
6. Khamidova Ch.I. Genealogii Dzhuchidov v sochineniyakh Rashid ad-dina i Khafiza Abru [Juchids’ Genealogy in the Writings of Rashid al-Din and Hafiz Abru]. Golden Horde Civilization. Red. izdaniya i sostavitel’ I.M. Mirgaleev. Is. 9. Kazan, Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2016. P. 22. (In Russian)
7. Şu’b-i pençgâne. Topkapı. Ahmet III. (A.2937) Nesebname-I Mülük, Reşidüddin, Acem, Talik, 227 sayfa. Tupkapu Saraye Muzeye Kitapkhanese, shifr A. III 2937. (In Persian)

Received June 7, 2016
Accepted for publication August 12, 2016

THE “KIPCHAK” HERITAGE.
ON THE NEW PUBLICATION OF A.N. GARKAVETS

I.M. Mirgaleev
Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Kazan 420014, Russian Federation
E-mail: dilnur1976@mail.ru

In 2015 in Almaty renowned researcher of the “Kypchak” written heritage A.N. Garkavets republished Charles Frazier’s Tatar translation of the book “Musanıŋ ilk kitabı” (“The First Book of Musa”). John Mitchell was first to publish this book in 1819 in Astrakhan. This reissue represents a continuation of a series of publications of his translations of Christian books in the Tatar language, under the auspices of the Scottish Missionary Society.
Through painstaking work, A.N. Garkavets is for years known as authoritative scholar and active publisher of the “Kypchak” written monuments who still continues to seek out new sources.
Tatar language was formed from ancient times, but the times of the Golden Horde were decisive. As is known, the central steppe territory of the Golden Horde previously belonged to the Kypchaks. So often the language of the Golden Horde Tatars traditionally continued to be called the Kypchak one. However, it was exactly the Tatar language that was understood under the Kypchak one. For example, the Cuman (Kypchak) language is named the Tatar one in the “Codex Cumanicus”. Since the 13^th century, such dictionaries as “This is the Tatar language”, “Polovtsian language’s interpretation” had been compiled in Rus. In these dictionaries, it was clearly stated: “This is the Polovtsian language” = “This is the Tatar language”. Thus, not only the Turko-Tatars continued to use the Tatar language for a long time, but also other peoples who lived among the Turkic-Tatar population of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates.

Keywords: translation, Tatar language, Golden Horde, documents, Codex Cumanicus.

For citation: Mirgaleev I.M. The “Kypchak” Heritage. On the New Publication of A.N. Garkavets. Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 681–684.

About the author: Il’nur M. Mirgaleev – Cand. Sci. (History), Head of the Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (5 entrance, Kremlin, Kazan 420014, Russian
Federation). E-mail: dilnur1976@mail.ru

REFERENCES

1. 1. Abdullin I.A. Armyano-kypchakskie rukopisi i ikh otnoshenie k dialektam tatar­skogo yazyka [Armenian-Kypchak Manuscripts and Their Relation to the Dialects of the Tatar Language]. Materialy po tatarskoy dialektologii [Materials on the Tatar Dialectology]. Is. 3. Kazan, Tatarskoe knizhnoe Publ., 1974, pp. 166–185. (In Russian)
2. Garkavets A.N. Kypchakskoe Evangelie. Perevod Charl’za Freyzera (Karas, Astrakhan’, Orenburg, 1803–1819. Napechatano Dzhonom Mitchelom. Shotlandskoe Missionerskoe Obshchestvo. Astrakhan’, 1820 [The Kypchak Gospel. Translated by Char­les Frazier. Karas, Astrakhan, Orenburg, 1803–1819. Published by John Mitchell. Scottish Missionary Society. Astrakhan, 1820]. Almaty, Baur, 2013. 556 p. (In Russian)
3. Garkavets A.N. Musanıŋ ilk kitabı. Kypchakskoe Bytie. Perevod Charl’za Freyzera. Karas, Astrakhan’, Orenburg, 1803–1819. Napechatano Dzhonom Mitchelom. Shot­landskoe Missionerskoe Obshchestvo. Astrakhan’, 1819 [Musanıŋ ilk kitabı. The Kypchak Genesis. Translated by Charles Frazier. Karas, Astrakhan, Orenburg, 1803–1819. Published by John Mitchell. Scottish Missionary Society. Astrakhan, 1819]. Almaty, Baur, 2015. 140 p. (In Russian)
4. Zәkiev M.Z. Tatar khalky teleneң barlykka kilүe. Kazan, Tatarstan kitap nәshriyaty, 1977. 208 p. (In Tatar)
5. Kononov A.N. Istoriya izucheniya tyurkskikh yazykov v Rossii [History of the Study of Turkic Languages in Russia]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1982. 359 p. (In Russian)
6. Khakov V.Kh. Tatar milli әdәbi teleneң barlykka kilүe һәm үseshe. Kazan, Kazan universitety nәshriyaty, 1972. 224 p. (In Tatar)
7. Radloff W. Das türkische Sprachmaterial des Codex Cumanicus. St. Petersburg, 1887. 133 p. (In German)

Received 19 May, 2016
Accepted for publication 30 July, 2016

ON THE BOOK BY A.N. KURAT “TURKIC TRIBES AND STATES
IN THE VOLGA AND NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGIONS
IN THE 4^TH–18^TH CENTURIES” (COLLECTED WRITINGS. BOOK 2)

A.V. Aksanov
Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Kazan 420014, Russian Federation
E-mail: aksanov571@gmail.com

Sh. Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences continues to publish the works of the famous Tatar-Turkish historian Akdes Nigmet Kurat. There has been published the second book “Turkic Tribes and States in the Volga and Northern Black Sea Regions in the 4^th–18^th centuries”. This work is the result of years of academic study and research by A.N. Kurat. Despite the fact that the book had been published in Turkey in 2002 this Russian edition will be of great help in the studies of modern Russian historians since the book is written with the use of a large number of Eastern and Western sources inaccessible to Russian researchers.
The book covers a great period of history since the ancient one where the author tried to reconstruct the history of the Turks before the times of formation and functioning of the post-Horde Tatar khanates. The book consists of 14 chapters and appendixes containing not only the well-known travel notes by Ibn Fadlan, excerpts from Russian chronicles, notes by Ibn Battuta, but also documentary materials of correspondence between the Crimean khans and sultans of the Ottoman Empire. In conclusion, the author also applies the genealogies of dynasties: “khans of Volga Bulgaria”, “Golden Horde khans”, “Kazan khans”, “Crimean khans”, “Astrakhan khans”.
It should be noted that A.N. Kurata tried to consider the relatively wide range of issues relating to the history of the Tatar people, which again confirms the need to study the works of this outstanding scholar and historian well-known in the academic works of Turkey and Europe.

Keywords: book, Turkic tribes, Ottoman Empire, “khans of Volga Bulgaria”, “Golden Horde khans”, “Kazan khans”, “Crimean khans”, “Astrakhan khans.

For citation: Aksanov A.V. On the Book by A.N. Kurat “Turkic Tribes and States in the Volga and Northern Black Sea Regions in the 4^th–18^th centuries” (Collected Writings. Book 2). Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 685–687.

About the author: Anvar V. Aksanov – Cand. Sci. (History), Senior Research Fellow, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Sh.Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (420014, Kremlin, entrance 5, Kazan, Russian Federation). E-mail: aksanov571@gmail.com

Received July 1, 2016
Accepted for publication August 31, 2016

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM
“Russia and the Turkic-Muslim World: Historical and Cultural Relations”
(Yelabuga, April 21–22, 2016)

M.S. Gatin
Kazan Federal University
Kazan 420008, Russian Federation
E-mail: marat_gata@mail.ru

April 21–22, in the city of Elabuga (Republic of Tatarstan) there have been held International Scientific Symposium “Russia and the Turkic-Muslim World: Historical and Cultural Relations” and VIII International Turcologists’ conference “Islam and the Turkic World: Issues of Education, Language, Literature, History and Religion”.
The organizers of the International Symposium and the conference were the Department of Turkology and Tatar studies of the Institute of International Relations, History and Oriental studies and the Yelabuga Institute of Kazan Federal University.
The international academic event was attended by about 150 scholars and researchers from Russia, the US, Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Georgia and other countries. The main purpose of the event was to discuss the research issues of history, culture, language and literature of Turkic peoples, the role and place of Islam in their historical destiny.

Keywords: International Scientific Symposium, researchers, Islam, talk, history.

For citation: Gatin M.S. International Scientific Symposium “Russia and the Turkic-Muslim World: Historical and Cultural Relations” (Yelabuga, April 21–22, 2016). Golden Horde Review. 2016. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 688–689.

About the author: Marat S. Gatin – Cand. Sci. (History), Docent at the Department of Turkology and Tatar studies of the Institute of International Relations, History and Oriental studies of the Kazan Federal University (18, Kremlevskaya Str., Kazan 420008, Russian Federation). E-mail: marat_gata@mail.ru

Received May 27, 2016
Accepted for publication June 15, 2016