2023, vol. 11, no. 4. Malikov A.

2023, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 817-833

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-4.817-833

EDN: https://elibrary.ru/JOMTTC

   SOME FEATURES OF THE ISLAMIC CULTURE
OF KHWAREZM IN THE GOLDEN HORDE ERA

Azim Malikov
Palacký University in Olomouc
Olomouc, Czech Republic
azimmal2018@gmail.com

Abstract: Research objective: To analyze the features of the Islamic culture of Khwarezm and the role of the Turkic languages in the dissemination of Islamic knowledge.
Research materials: The article is based on information from various written sources and publications of Russian, Kazakh, Turkish source scholars and historians that shed light on the role of the Turkic languages in the religious culture of Khwarezm in the Golden Horde period.
Results and scientific novelty: As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that in Khwarezm, Islam was represented by various practices manifested in the organization of rituals, Mutazilism, Sufi teachings, and the cult of saints. In the pre-Golden Horde period, the Muslim written culture of the region was dominated by the Arabic, Persian, and Khwarezmian languages. From the middle of the 13th century, Turkic writings appeared in dictionaries, and from the 14th century, religious literature appeared in the Turkic language. The main settled centers of the Turkic languages of the Ulus Jochi were Volga Bulgaria, Khwarezm, and the Syrdarya territories. The close interaction of the Turkic-speaking peoples of these territories, coupled with the policy of a certain part of the political elite to support the use of Turkic languages, manifested itself in the growth in the number of works in Turkic languages and the beginning of the formation of a single Turkic literary language. In this complex process, Khwarezm played the role of repeating the Arab-Persian cultural traditions with the participation of a certain local Turkic component. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that, based on the analysis of sources and existing research, one can assume the development of the religious culture of Khwarezm based on the Arabic, Persian, and Turkic languages, which is confirmed by the increase in the number of works of a religious nature, the translation of the Holy Quran into the Turkic language, and the deve­lopment of Turkic religious terminology.

Keywords: Islam, Turkic languages, Khwarezm, culture, religion, Golden Horde, language situation

For citation: Malikov A. Some features of the Islamic Culture of Khwarezm in the Golden Horde Era. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2023, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 817–833. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-4.817-833 (In Russian)

REFERENCES

  1. Abzalov L.F. And Khan’s scribes. From the history of the formation and development of the clerical service of the khans of the Golden Horde. Kazan: YaZ Publ., 2011. 252 p. (In Russian)
  2. Abu Bakr Qalandar Rumi. Qalandar-name: favorites. Translation from pers. I.R. Gibadullin, M.R. Shamsimukhametova. General and scientific edition, preface, comments by I.R. Gibadullin. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2017. 1044 p. (In Russian)
  3. Abu Reykhan Biruni. Selected works, I. Tashkent: Uzbek SSR Academy of Scien­ces Publ., 1957. (In Russian)
  4. Bertels E.E. Selected works. Sufism and Sufi Literature. Vol. 3. Moscow: Nauka, 1965. (In Russian)
  5. Bugarchev A.I., Petrov P.N. Stages of copper coin circulation in the Bulgar vilayat (second half of the 13th – first third of the 14th centuries). Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya=The Volga River Region Archaeology. 2013, 1 (3), pp. 216–231. (In Russian)
  6. Weinberg B.I. On the history of the Kungrat Sufis. Field research of the Khorezm expedition in 1957. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences Publ., 1960, pp. 104–114 (In Russian)
  7. Vasiliev D.V. Islam in the Golden Horde: a historical and archaeological study. Ast­rakhan: Astrakhan State University Publ., 2007. (In Russian)
  8. Volin S.L. A new source for the study of the Khorezmian language. Notes of the
    Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences, VII, 1939, 79–91. (In Russian)
  9. Gulyamov Ya.G. The history of irrigation of Khorezm from ancient times to the present day. T., 1957. (In Russian)
  10. Ibragimov N.N. Ibn Battuta and his travels in Central Asia. Moscow, 1988. (In Russian)
  11. Izmailov I.L. Islam in the Golden Horde. Islam in the Middle Volga: History and Modernity. Essays. Ed. R.M. Mukhametshina. Kazan: Insan Publ., 2001. (In Russian)
  12. Izmailov I.L. Islam in the Volga Bulgaria: distribution and regional features. History and Modernity 2 (2011), pp. 34–51. (In Russian)
  13. Iskhakov D.M. Institute of seyyids in the Ulus of Jochi and the late Golden Horde Turko-Tatar states. Kazan: Fen Publ., 2011. 228 p. (In Russian)
  14. Iskhakov D.M. The problem of the “final” Islamization of Ulus Jochi under Khan Uzbek. Islam and power in the Golden Horde. Ed. by I.M. Mirgaleev, E.G. Sayfetdinova. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2012. (In Russian)
  15. Malikov A.M. The Cult of Abu Muslim and His Companions in Central Asia: Options for Mythologization. Etnograficheskoye obozreniye =Ethnographic Review, vol. 3. 2020, pp. 141–160. (In Russian)
  16. Materials on the history of Turkmens and Turkmenistan, Volume I. 7th–15th centuries. Arabic and Persian sources. Moscow-Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Publ., 1939. 612 p.
  17. Mirgaleev I.M., Abyzova R.R. Shihabutdin Marjani on the Golden Horde. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2018. Vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 181–198. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2018-6-1.181-198 (In Russian)
  18. Muradov R. Ahmad zamchi (cult complex). Islam on the territory of the former Russian Empire. Encyclopedic Dictionary. Vol. II. Ed. by CM. Prozorov. Moscow: Eastern Literature, 2018. 645 p. (In Russian)
  19. Navoiy Alisher. Mukammal asarlar. Yigirma Tomlik. On Uchinchi Tom. Majolis un-Nafois. Tashkent: Publishing house “Fan” of the the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, 1997. (In Uzbek)
  20. Navoiy Alisher. Nasoyim ul-muhabbat min shamoyim ul-futuvvat. Mukammal asarlar warmly. Yigirma zhildlik. 17-zhild. Arab wa force matnini tarzhima kilib, nashrga tayerlovchi wa mahsus flies. S. Rafiddinov. Tashkent: Fan, 2001. (In Uzbek)
  21. Nuriyeva F. Formation and functioning of the Turkic-Tatar literary language of the Golden Horde period: Abstract diss. … Doctor of Philological Sciences. Kazan, 2004. (In Russian)
  22. Rumi, Jalal ad-din. Treasures of memories. Sufi poetry. Per. L. Tiraspolsky. Moscow: IIF DIAS ltd; 1998. 192 p. (In Russian)
  23. Snesarev G.P. Khorezm legends as a source on the history of religious cults in Central Asia. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1983. 212 p. (In Russian)
  24. Sukhareva O.A. Islam in Uzbekistan. Tashkent: publishing house of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences, 1960. 90 p. (In Russian)
  25. Sayfetdinova E.G. Sources of Religious Thought in the Golden Horde (Based on the Work “Nakhj al-Faradis” by Mahmud al-Bulgari). Ed. by I.M. Mirgaleev. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2018. 164 p. (In Russian)
  26. The Collection of oriental manuscripts of the Uzbek SSR Academy of Sciences. Tashkent, 1952, vol 4. (In Russian)
  27. Fedorov-Davydov G.A. Numismatics of Khorezm of the Golden Horde period. Numismatics and epigraphy. 1965, vol. V, pp. 179–224. (In Russian)
  28. Fedorov-Davydov G.A. Nomads of Eastern Europe under the rule of the Golden Horde khans. Moscow, 1966. 274 p. (In Russian)
  29. Freiman A.A. Khorezmian glosses in the work “Kynyat al-muniya…” “Acquisition of the desired…”) by a Khorezmian jurist of the 13th century. Najm ad-Din abu-r-Raja Mukhtar ibn-Mahmud al-Zahidi al-Gazmini. Soviet Oriental Studies. Vol. 6. Leningrad-Moscow, 1949. (In Russian)
  30. Khakimzyanov F.S. On the Volga variant of the Middle Turkic literary language. Historical and linguistic analysis of old written monuments. Kazan, 1983, pp. 3–24. (In Russian)
  31. Khorezmi. Mukhabbat-name. Transcription, translation, notes and pointers by E.Nadzhip. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 1961. 275 p. (In Russian)
  32. Chalisova N.Yu. Rashid ad-Din Vatwat and his treatise “Gardens of Magic in the Subtleties of Poetry”b.. Rashid ad-Din Watwat. Gardens of magic in the subtleties of poetry. Tr. from pers. N.Yu. Chalisova. Moscow: Nauka, 1985, p. 9–82. (In Russian)
  33. Algar H. Introduction. Abdallāh Ibn Muḥammad Naǧm ad-Dīn Rāzī. The path of God’s bondsmen from origin to return. Delmar, NY: Caravan Books, 1982.
  34. Ata A. Harezm-Altınordu Türkçesi, TDAD: 36, İstanbul: Kebikeç Yayınları. 2002. (In Turkish)
  35. Berbercan M. T. “Türk Tercüme Edebiyatı Üzerine İncelemeler: Harezm Türkçesi ile İlk Adaptasyonlar,” Dede Korkut Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi, IV, Ordu, 2015, pp. 1–11. (In Turkish)
  36. Bodrogligeti, A. The fragments of the Cavahirul-asrar. Central Asiatic Journal16, no. 4. 1972, pp. 290–303.
  37. Boltabayev S. Harezm türkçesiyle yazilmiş yeni bir eser: tenzîlü’s-sâlihîn. IX. Uluslararasi türk dili kurultayi Bilge Tonyukuk Anısına (Ankara: 26-30 Eylül 2021). Ankara, 2021. (In Turkish)
  38. Cihan, Serkan. Mukaddimetü’l-edeb (yozgat nüshasi)-(giriş, metin, notlar, sözlük-dizin). Doktora tezi. Ankara 2021. (In Turkish)
  39. DeWeese D. Bābā Kamāl Jandī and the Kubravī Tradition among the Turks of Central Asia. Der Islam 71.1. 1994, pp. 58–94.
  40. DeWeese D. The Sayyid Atā’ī Presence in Khwārazm during the 16th and Early 17th Centuries. Studies on Central Asian History in Honor of Yuri Bregel, ed. Devin DeWeese (Bloomington: Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 167, 2001, pp. 245–281.
  41. DeWeese D. Mapping Khwārazmian Connections in the History of Sufi Traditions: Local Embeddedness, Regional Networks, and Global Ties of the Sufi Communities of Khwārazm.. Eurasian Studies 14.1–2, 2016, pp. 37–97.
  42. DeWeese, D. Ata’iya order. URL: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ataiya-order-a-branch-of-the-yasaviya-sufi-brotherhood-especially-active-in-karazm-from-the-8th-14th-century (access data 12.05.2023).
  43. Doğan C. “Mirâc-nâme Harezm Türkçesiyle mi yazılmıştır?.” Türkoloji Der­gisi22, no. 1. 2018, pp. 52–98.
  44. Eckmann, J. Harezm, Kıpçak ve Çağatay Türkçesi Üzerine Araştırmalar, Ed. by O.F. Sertkaya. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 2011. (In Turkish)
  45. Elias J.J. A Review of the “Encyclopaedia Iranica”. Iranian Studies, 1998, vol. 31, no. 3/4, (Summer – Autumn), pp. 595–613.
  46. Hacıeminoğlu N. Harezm Türkçesi Grameri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara, 1997. (In Turkish)
  47. Hofer N. The Popularisation of Sufism in Ayyubid and Mamluk Egypt, 1173–1325. Edinburgh: University Press, 2015.
  48. Memmedova A. Mukaddimetü’l-Edeb’de Türkçe İslami terimler. Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4, no. 2, 2017, pp. 449–462. (In Turkish)
  49. Muminov A. Dihqāns and sacred families in Central Asia. Sayyids and Sharifs in Muslim Societies: The Living Links to the Prophet. Edited by Kazuo Morimoto. London and New York: Routledge, 2012: 198–209.
  50. Muminov A. “Disputes in Bukhara on the Persian translation of the Qur’an.” Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph, 59, 2006, pp. 301–307.
  51. Onur S. Harezm Türkçesiyle yazılmış bir fal kitabı. Modern Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi17, no. 1, 2020, pp. 96–119. (In Turkish)
  52. Shoshan B. High culture and popular culture in medieval Islam. Studia Islamica, 73, 1991, pp. 67–107.
  53. Şimşek Y. Türkçe ilk kur’an tercümelerinden meşhed nüshasinin (293 No.) Türk dili tarihindeki yeri ve önemi.” Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı-Belleten, 67, 2019, pp. 87–152. (In Turkish)
  54. Togan Z.V. Harezm’de Yazılmış Eski Türkçe Eserler, Türkiyat Mecmuası II, 1926, pp. 331–345. (In Turkish)
  55. Togan Z.V. Zimahseri’nin Do÷u Türkçesi ile “Mukaddimetü’l-Edeb”i, Türkiyat Mecmuasi, 14, Istanbul 1965. (In Turkish)
  56. Yaman Ü. “Doğu Türkçesi ile Yazılan Sirâcü’l Kulûb (Gramer-Metin-Çeviri-Dizin)”, T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Anabilim Dalı Eski Türk Dili Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul, 2015. (In Turkish)
  57. Yüce N. Ebu’l-Kāsım Cārullāh Mahmūd bin ͑Omar bin Muhammed bin Ahmed ez-Zamahşari el-Hvārizmi Mukaddimetü’’-Edeb. Hvarizm Türkçesi ile tercümeli Şuşter nüshası. Giriş, dil özellikleri, metin, indeks. 2-ci basqı. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 1993. (In Turkish)
  58. Ulvi M.K. The Muʿtazilism of al-Zamakhsharī: A Bahshamī or a Ḥusaynī?. Ilahiyat studies, 2021, vol. 12, no. 2 (Summer / Fall).
  59. Ünlü S. Harezm Altınordu Türkçesi Sözlüğü. Konya: Eğitim Kitabevi. 2012. (In Turkish)
  60. Schamiloglu U. Reflections on the Islamic Literature of the Golden Horde: On the Occasion of the Publication of the Qalandar-nāme. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2021, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 264–271. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-2.264-271.
  61. Walmsley N. The Yasaviyya in the Nasāʾim al-maḥabba of ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī: A Case Study in Central Asian Hagiography. Journal of Sufi studies3, no. 1. 2014, pp. 38–66.

About the author: Azim M. Malikov – Cand. Sci. (History), Assistant Professor at the Department of Asian Studies, Palacky University in Olomouc (26, Svoboda Str., Olomouc 77900, Czech Republic); ORCID: 0000-0002-0173-2014. E-mail: azimmal2018@gmail.com

Received  September 15, 2023          Accepted for publication  November 20, 2023
Published Online  December 29, 2023