2020, vol. 8, no. 3. Karpov S.P.

2020, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 504-514

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-3.504-514

   LIKE A PHOENIX FROM THE ASHES:
THE REBIRTH OF TANA’S TRADE AFTER THE 1395 DISASTER

S.P. Karpov
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Moscow, Russian Federation
spkarp1204@yandex.ru

Abstract: Research objectives: Primarily an investigation of the history of Italian trading stations in Tana (Azak) after their destruction by the troops of the Chaghatayid amir, Timur Aksak, in 1395 and the further renewal of trade between the West and the East through Tana at the turn of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. An evaluation of the commodity circulation of the Golden Horde territories with Venice is based on little-known and unpublished archival sources.
Research materials: Documentary and legal sources in Latin and in the Venetian dialetto from the State Archives of Venice and the archives of the Datini merchant company in Prato, as well as narrative sources, other edited sources, and research publications.
Novelty of the research: The study of this problem, based on the above-mentioned sources, is carried out for the first time. The author provides the first academic publication of a unique source – an inventory of goods brought by Venetian ships from Tana to Venice in 1402. The publication is accompanied by a scholarly commentary and identification of all categories of the listed goods.
Research results: A reconstruction of the history of the renewal of trade between the Golden Horde and the West through the Venetian trading stations in Tana, along with an outline of the main stages of this process. As well, an approximate estimate of the commodity turnover is offered on the basis of new archival evidence. The author analyzes methods and principles used by the Venetian Republic in its relations with the Golden Horde after the defeat of Toqtamïsh in his confrontation with Timur.

Keywords: Golden Horde, Azak, Tana, Venice, Toqtamïsh, Timur Aksak, navigation, galleys, Black Sea trade in the fifteenth century

For citation: Karpov S.P. Like a Phoenix from the Ashes: The Rebirth of Tana’s Trade after the 1395 Disaster. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2020, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 504–514. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-3.504-514

REFERENCES

  1. Bocharov S.G Venetsianskaya yakornaya stoyanka u mysa sv. Ioanna v Vostoch­nom Krymu (konets XIV – pervaya polovina XV vv.) [Venetian anchorage at the Cape of St. John in the Eastern Crimea (from the late fourteenth to the first half of the fifteenth centuries]. Istoricheskiy zhurnal: nauchnye issledovaniya [Historical Journal: Scholarly Research]. 2015, no. 6 (30), pp. 703–708. (In Russian)
  2. Karpov S.P. Istoriya Trapezundskoy imperii [History of the Empire of Trebizond]. Second edition, revised and expanded. Saint Petersburg: Aleteia, 2017. 744 p. (In Russian)
  3. Karpov S.P. Ital’yanskie morskie pespubliki i Yuzhnoe Prichernomor’e v XIII–XV vv.: problemy torgovli [Italian Maritime Republics and the Southern Black Sea Region from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries: Problems of Trade]. Moscow: Moscow State University, 1990. 336 p. (In Russian)
  4. Karpov S.P. O razgrome Tany Tamerlanom v 1395 g.: sobytie i ego posledstviya [On the defeat of Tana by Tamerlane in 1395: An event and its consequences]. Povolozhskaya Arkheologiya [Archaeology of the Volga Region]. 2020, no. 2 (32), pp. 38–47. DOI: 10.24852/pa2020.2.32.38.47 (In Russian)
  5. Karpov S.P. Putyami srednevekovykh morekhodov: Chernomorskaya navigatsiya Venetsianskoy respubliki v XIII–XV vv. [On the Ways of Medieval Sailors: The Black Sea Navigation of the Venetian Republic from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries]. Moscow: Oriental literature, 1994. 158 p. (In Russian)
  6. Mirgaleev I.M. Voyny Toktamysh-khana s Aksak Timurom [Wars of Toqtamïsh Khan with Aksak Timur]. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2003. 88 p. (In Russian)
  7. Mirgaleev I.M. Politicheskaya istoriya Zolotoy Ordy perioda pravleniya Tokta­mysh-khana [Political History of the Golden Horde during the Reign of Toqtamïsh Khan]. Kazan: Alma-Lit, 2003. 164 p. (In Russian)
  8. Safargaliev M.G. Raspad Zolotoy Ordy [The dissolution of the Golden Horde]. Na styke kontinentov i tsivilizatsiy (Iz opyta obrazovaniya i raspada imperiy X–XVI vv.) [At the Junction of Continents and Civilizations (from the experience of the formation and collapse of empires from the tenth to the sixteenth centuries]. Moscow: Insan, 1996, pp. 280–526. (In Russian)
  9. Ashtor E. East-West Trade in the Medieval Mediterranean. Kedar B.Z. (ed.). London: Variorum Reprints, 1986. 344 p.
  10. Balletto L. Il “milliarium” nel commercio del pesce nel Mar Nero. Byzantino­bulgarica. 1981, vol. VII, pp. 205–213. (In Italian)
  11. Dolfin Giorgio. Cronicha dela nobil cità de Venetia et dela sua provintia et destretto. Origini – 1458. Caracciolo Aricò A., Frison Ch. (eds). Venezia: Centro di studi medievali e rinascimentali “E.A. Cicogna”, 2009. Т. 2. 220 p. (In Italian)
  12. Il Codice Morosini. Il mondo visto da Venezia (1094–1433). Nanetti A. (ed.). Spoleto: Fondazione CISAM, 2010. 2274 p. (In Italian)
  13. Jacoby D. Caviar trading in Byzantium. Море и берега. К 60-летию С.П. Карпова от коллег и учеников [Sea and Coast. To the 60th Anniversary of S.P. Karpov from Colleagues and Students]. Shukurov R.M. (ed.). Moscow: “Indrik”, 2009, pp. 349–364.
  14. Pegolotti Francesco Balducci. La Pratica della mercatura. Evans A. (ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1936. 443 p. (In Italian)
  15. Sanuto Marino. Vitae ducum Venetorum. Rerum Italicarum Scriptores. 1733, vol. XXII, pp. 399–1252. (In Latin)
  16. Schilbach E. Byzantinische Metrologie. München: Verlag C.-H. Beck, 1970. xxix + 291 p. (In German)
  17. Tzavara A. À propos du commerce vénitien des “schienali” (schinalia) (première moitié du XVe siècle). Chemins d’outre-mer. Études sur la Méditerranée médiévale offertes à Michel Balard. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 813–826. (In French)

About the author: Sergey P. Karpov – Dr. Sci. (History), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, President of the Faculty of History of the Lomonosov Moscow State University, Head of the Department of History of the Middle Ages, Head of the Laboratory for the Study of the countries of the Black Sea and Byzantium in the Middle Ages, Lomonosov Moscow State University (27, building 4, Lomonosovsky Ave., Moscow 119192, Russian Federation); ORCID: 0000-0002-1564-2079. Email: spkarp1204@yandex.ru

Received  May 10, 2020   Accepted for publication  August 27, 2020
Published Online September 29, 2020