2021, vol. 9, no. 2. Hautala R.

2021, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 247-263

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-2.247-263

   THE LOSS AND REACQUISITION OF CAFFA:
THE STATUS OF THE GENOESE ENTREPÔT
WITHIN THE BORDERS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE

Roman Hautala 1,2
1 Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences
Kazan, Russian Federation
2 University of Oulu
Oulu, Finland
romanhautala@gmail.com

Abstract: Research objectives: To analyze both the circumstances of the armed conflict of Genoese Caffa with the troops of the Golden Horde ruler, Toqta Khan, in 1307–1308, which ended with the temporary expulsion of Italian merchants from the Jöchid territory, and their return to Caffa under Toqta’s nephew and successor, Özbeg Khan.
Research materials: The information on the conflict between the Genoese and Toqta Khan is contained in an anonymous continuation of the chronicle of the Genoese Archbishop, Jacopo da Varagine, dating to the middle of the fourteenth century; in the chronicles of the Mamluk authors, Baybars al-Mansuri and al-Nuwayri; and in a local Greek source, namely the Sugdeian Synaxarion. In turn, sources that provide information about the circumstances and conditions of the return of the Genoese are much more diverse. Of course, the most important details are contained in the official documents of Genoa and Caffa. Valuable details are also contained in the missionary sources of the Franciscans preaching the gospel within the Golden Horde. For its part, the Franciscan information is useful to compare with that found in Rus’ian sources regarding the relations of Catholic and Orthodox prelates with the Khan of the Golden Horde.
Research novelty: This study highlights that the use of Franciscan sources appears to be extremely useful to complement the analysis of the relationship of the Genoese entrepôt of Caffa with the local authorities.
Research results: An analysis of the conflict between the Genoese and the local authorities, along with the conditions of their return negotiated with the new Khan of the Golden Horde, reveals the obvious fact that Caffa, having undoubtedly grown in the Golden Horde period due to the activities of the Genoese immigrants, had to recognize its submission to the Jöchid rulers from its very foundation. The Genoese administration likewise recognized this dependence during the restoration of Caffa in the first years of Özbeg Khan’s reign.

Keywords: history of the Golden Horde, Italian trade in the Mongol Empire, Genoese entrepôt of Caffa, Catholic missionary activity in the east, Latin and Muslim sources

For citation: Hautala R. The Loss and Reacquisition of Caffa: The Status of the Geno­ese Entrepôt within the Borders of the Golden Horde. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2021, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 247–263. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-2.247-263

REFERENCES

  1. Assini A. Akty, sostavlennye v Prichernomor’e i Sredizemnomor’e notariyami Filippo Fasheto i Franchesko da Sil’va v 1314–1315 gg. = Atti rogati nel mar Nero e nel Mediterraneo dai notai Filippo Fasceto e Francesco da Silva nel 1314–1315 [Acts rogated in the Black Sea Region and the Mediterranean by Notaries Filippo Fascheto and Francesco da Silva in 1314–1315]. Prichernomor’e v srednie veka, No. 10: Notai genovesi in Oltremare: Atti redatti a Caffa ed in altre località del Mar Nero nei secoli XIV e XV = Akty genuezskikh notariev, sostavlennye v Kaffe i v drugikh gorodakh Prichernomor’ya v XIV–XV vv. [Black Sea Region in the Middle Ages, No. 10: Acts of the Genoese Notaries Rogated in Caffa and in Other Cities of the Black Sea Region in the fourteenth and fifteenth century]. Karpov S.P. (ed.). St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2018, pp. 31–176. (In Russian, Italian, Latin)
  2. Antonin, archimandrite (Kapustin). Zametki XII–XV veka, otnosyashchiesya k krymskomu gorodu Sugdee (Sudaku), pripisannye na grecheskom Sinaksare [Notes of the twelfth to fifteenth century related to the Crimean city of Sugdeia (Sudak) added to the Greek Synaxarion]. Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostey [Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities]. Odessa: In the city printing house, 1863, vol. 5, pp. 595–628. (In Greek, Russian)
  3. Balard M. La Romanie génoise (XII e – début du XV e siècle). Rome: École Française de Rome, 1978. 2 Vols. 1008 p. (with continuous pagination). (In French)
  4. Brătianu G.I. Recherches sur le commerce génois dans la Mer Noir au XIII e siècle. Paris: Librairie orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1929. 359 p. (In French)
  5. Bullarium Franciscanum Romanorum Pontificum constitutiones, epistolae, diplomata tribus Ordinibus Minorum, Clarissarum et Poenitentium a Seraphico Patriarcha Sancto Francisco ab eorum originibus ad nostra usque tempora concessa, Vol. V: Benedicti XI, Clementis V, Ioannis XXII monumenta. Eubel C. (ed.). Romae: Typis Vaticanis, 1898. lii + 643 p. (In Latin)
  6. Cherepnin V.L. (ed.). Pamyatniki russkogo prava, Iss. III: Pamyatniki prava perioda obrazovaniya russkogo tsentralizovannogo gosudarstva XIV–XV vv. [Monuments of Russian Law, Vol. 3: Legal Monuments of the Period of the Formation of the Russian Centralized State in the fourteenth and fifteenth century]. Moscow: State publishing house of legal literature, 1955. 527 p. (In Russian)
  7. Ciocîltan V. The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Willcocks S. (tr.). Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2012. 321 p.
  8. Desimoni C. Intorno alla impresa di Megollo Lercari in Trebisonda. Lettera di Bartolomeo Senarega a Giovanni Pontano pubblicata dal socio Cornelio Desimoni. Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria. Genova: Tipografia del Reale Istituto sordo-muti, 1879, vol. 13, fasc. 3, pp. 495–536. (In Italian, Latin)
  9. DeWeese D.A. Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde. Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994. xvii + 638 p.
  10. Di Cosmo N. Mongols and merchants on the Black Sea Frontier in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries: convergences and conflicts. Mongols, Turks, and Others. Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World. Amitai R., Biran M. (eds). Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2005, pp. 391–424.
  11. Diplomatarium veneto-levantinum sive acta et diplomata res venetas, graecas atque levantis illustrantia a. 1300–1350. Thomas G.M., Tafel T.L.F. (eds). Venetiis: Typis Marci Visentini, 1880. xxvi + 356 p. (In Latin, Italian)
  12. Favereau M. Zolotaya Orda i Mamlyuki [The Golden Horde and Mamluks]. Zolotaya Orda v mirovoy istorii. Kollektivnaya monografiya [The Golden Horde in World History: A Collective Monograph]. Khakimov R.S. et al. (eds). Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2016, pp. 334–353. (In Russian)
  13. Fontes. Pontificia commissio ad redigendum codicem juris canonici orientalis, Series III, Vol. V, Tom. 2: Acta Romanorum pontificum ab Innocentio V ad Benedictum XI (1276–1304). Delorme F.M., Tăutu A.L. (eds). Romae: Typis pontificae universitatis gregorianae, 1954. xvi + 295 p. (In Latin)
  14. Fontes. Pontificia commissio ad redigendum codicem juris canonici orientalis, Series III, Vol. VII, Tom. 2: Acta Ioannis XXII (1317–1334). Tăutu A.L. (ed.). Romae: Typis pontificae universitatis gregorianae, 1952. xix + 302 p. (In Latin)
  15. Francesco Balducci Pegolotti. La pratica della mercatura. Evans A. (ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1936. liv + 443 p. (In Italian)
  16. Gibb H.A.R. (tr.). The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354. Cambridge: Published for the Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1959, vol. II. xii + 286 p.
  17. Golubovich G. Biblioteca bio-bibliografica della Terra santa e dell’Oriente francescano, Tomo III: Dal 1300 al 1332. Quaracchi, Firenze: Collegio di S. Bonaventura, 1919. vi + 496 p. (In Italian, Latin)
  18. Grigor’ev V.V. O dostovernosti yarlykov, dannykh khanami Zolotoy Ordy russkomu dukhovenstvu. Istoriko-filologicheskoe issledovanie [On the Authenticity of the Yarliqs of the Golden Horde Khans Granted to the Rus’ian Clergy. Historical and Philological Research]. Moscow: The University Press, 1842. 132 p. (In Russian)
  19. Karpov S.P. Drevneyshie postanovleniya Senata Venetsianskoy respubliki o navigatsii v Chernom more [The oldest decisions of the Senate of the Venetian Republic on navigation in the Black Sea]. Prichernomor’e v srednie veka [The Black Sea Region in the Middle Ages]. Moscow; St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2000, no. 4, pp. 11–18. (In Russian)
  20. Karpov S.P. Istoriya Trapezundskoy imperii [History of the Trebizond Empire]. St. Petersburg: Aleteia, 2007. 618 p. (In Russian)
  21. Karpov S. Venezia e Genova: rivalità e collaborazione a Trebisonda e Tana, secoli XIII–XV. Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, Vol. XLI (CXV), Fasc. I: Genova, Venezia, il Levante nei secoli XII–XIV. Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi. Genova–Venezia, 10–14 marzo 2000. Genova: Nella sede della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, 2001, pp. 257–272. (In Italian)
  22. Khwand-Amir. Istoriya mongolov. Ot drevneyshikh vremen do Tamerlana [History of the Mongols. From the Most Ancient Times to Tamerlane]. Grigor’ev V. (tr.). St. Petersburg: At Karl Krai’s printing house, 1834. (In Russian)
  23. Loenertz R.-J. Les missions dominicaines en Orient au XIVe siècle et la Société des Frères pérégrinants pour le Christ. Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum. Romae: Institutum Historicum Fratrum Praedicatorum Romae ad S. Sabinae, 1932, vol. II, pp. 1–83. (In French)
  24. Loenertz R.-J. La Société des Frères Pérégrinants. Étude sur l’Orient Dominicain. Roma: Istituto Storico Domenicano, 1937, vol. I. xii + 209 p. (In French)
  25. Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Moule A.C., Pelliot P. (eds). London: George Routledge and Sons, 1938, vol. I. 595 p.
  26. Mas-Latrie L. de. Privilège commercial accordé en 1320 à la République de Venise par un roi de Perse, faussement attribué à un roi de Tunis. Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes. Paris: Société de l’École des chartes, 1892, vol. 31, pp. 72–102. (In French, Italian)
  27. Monleone G. Iacopo da Varagine e la sua Cronaca di Genova dalle origini al MCCXCVII, Vol. 1: Studio introduttivo. La vita e le opere di Iacopo da Varagine, i manoscritti della Cronaca ecc. con un indice onomastico e quattro tavole fuori testo. Roma: Tipografia del Senato, 1941. xii + 577 p. (In Italian, Latin)
  28. Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum historica, Tomus V: Litterae encyclicae magistrorum generalium Ordinis Praedicatorum ab anno 1233 usque ad annum 1376. Reichert B.M. (ed.). Romae: Ex typografia polyglotta S.C. de Propaganda Fidei, 1900. 7 + 347 p. (In Latin)
  29. Moule A.C. Textus trium novorum documentorum e Tartaria Aquilonari an. 1314–1322. Archivum Franciscanum Historicum. Quaracchi, Firenze: Collegio S. Bonaventura, 1924, no. 17, pp. 65–71. (In Latin)
  30. Myts V.L. Zavoevanie pozdnevizantiyskoy Tavriki mongolami: istoriko-arkheologicheskiy kontekst katastrofy posledney chetverti XIII veka [The conquest of late Byzantine Taurica by the Mongols: historical and archaeological context of the disaster of the last quarter of the thirteenth century]. Stratum plus, No. 6: Pax Mongolica i evraziyskie potryaseniya XIII–XIV vv. [Pax Mongolica and Eurasian Shocks in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries]. St. Petersburg; Chisinau; Odessa; Bucharest: University “Higher Anthropological School”, 2016, pp. 69–106. (In Russian)
  31. Nystazopoulo M.G. He en te Taurike Chersoneso polis Sougdaia apo tou XII mechri tou XV aîonos. Sumbole eîs ten historian tu mesaionikou Hellenismou tes Notiou Rosias. Athen: Hyperesia Archaiotētōn kai Anastēlōseōs, 1965. 188 p. (In Greek)
  32. Ötemish Hajji. Kara tavarikh [Qara tavarikh]. Mirgaleev I.M., Sayfetdinova E.G., Khafizov S.T. (eds). Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2017. (In Russian)
  33. Pardessus J.M. Collection de Lois maritimes antérieures au XVIII e siècle. Paris: Imprimerie royale, 1837, vol. IV. 609 p. (In French)
  34. Pelliot P. Notes sur l’histoire de la Horde d’or: suivies de quelques noms turcs d’hommes et de peuples finissant en “ar”. Paris: Librairie d’Amérique et d’Orient, Adrien Maisonneuve, 1949. 292 p. (In French)
  35. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Tom X: Letopisnyy sbornik, imenuemyy Patriarshey ili Nikonovskoy letopis’yu (prodolzhenie) [Complete Collection of Rus’ian Chronicles, Vol. 10: Chronicle Collection Called the Patriarchal or Nikon Chronicle (continued)]. Bychkov A.F. (ed.). St. Petersburg: In the printing house of the Ministry of the Interior, 1885. 6 + 244 p. (In Rusian)
  36. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Tom XVIII: Simeonovskaya letopis’ [Complete Collection of Rus’ian Chronicles, Vol. 18: Simeonov’s Chronicle]. Presnyakov A.E. (ed.). St. Petersburg: Printing house of M.A. Aleksandrov, 1913. iii + 316 p. (In Rusian)
  37. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Tom XXIII: Ermolinskaya letopis’ [Complete Collection of Rus’ian Chronicles, Vol. 23: Ermolin’s Chronicle]. Pokrovskiy F.I. (ed.). St. Petersburg: Printing house of M.A. Aleksandrov, 1910. 252 p. (In Rusian)
  38. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Tom XXIV: Tipografskaya letopis’ [Complete Collection of Rus’ian Chronicles, Vol. 24: Typographical Chronicle]. Rozanov S.P., Shakhmatov A.A., Presnyakov A.E. (eds). Petrograd: Second State printing house, 1921. xvi + 272 p. (In Rus’ian)
  39. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Tom XXV: Moskovskiy letopisnyy svod kontsa XV veka [Complete Collection of Rus’ian Chronicles, Vol. 25: Moscow Chronicle Collection of the end of the fifteenth century]. Tikhomirov M.N. (ed.). Moscow; Leningrad: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1949. 464 p. (In Rusian)
  40. Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisey, Vol. XXX: Vladimirskiy letopisets. Novgo­rodskaya vtoraya (Arkhivskaya letopis’) [Complete Collection of Rus’ian Chronicles, Vol. 30: Vladimir Chronicle. Novgorod Second (Archival) Chronicle]. Tikhomirov M.N. (ed.). Moscow: Nauka, 1965. 239 p. (In Rusian)
  41. Promis V. (ed.). Continuazione della Cronaca di Jacopo da Varagine. Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria. Genova: Tipografia del Reale Istituto sordo-muti, 1876, vol. 10, fasc. IV, pp. 493–512. (In Italian, Latin)
  42. Richard J. La Papauté et les missions d’Orient au Moyen Âge (XIII e – XV e siècles). Rome: École Française de Rome, 1977. xxxiv + 331 p. (In French)
  43. Sauli L. (ed.). Imposicio Officii Gazariae. Monvmenta Historiae Patriae. Leges mvnicipales. Avgvstae Tavrinorvm: E regio typographeo, 1838, vol. I, cols. 297–430. (In Latin)
  44. Spuler B. Die Goldene Horde: Die Mongolen in Rußland, 1223–1502. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1965. xviii + 638 p. (In German)
  45. Tardy L. Madjar – The name of Eastern Hungarians in an Italian document from Caffa, 1310. Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae = Acta Antiqua: A Journal of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Tomus XXX. Harmatta J. (ed.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1982–1984, pp. 451–456.
  46. Tizengauzen V.G. Sbornik materialov, otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy, Tom 1: Izvlecheniya iz sochineniy arabskikh [Collected Materials Related to the Golden Horde History, Vol. 1: Excerpts from Arabic Writings]. St. Petersburg: Printing house of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1884. xvi + 563 p. (In Arabic, Russian)
  47. Tizengauzen V.G. Sbornik materialov, otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy, Tom 2: Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh sochineniy [Collected Materials Related to the Golden Horde History, Vol. 2: Excerpts from Persian Writings]. Romaskevich A.A., Volin S.L. (eds). Moscow; Leningrad: Publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1941. 306 p. (In Russian, Persian)
  48. Wyngaert A. van den (ed.). Sinica Franciscana, Vol. I: Itinera et relationes fratrum minorum saeculi XIII et XIV. Quaracchi, Firenze: Collegio di S. Bonaventura, 1929. cxvii + 637 p. (In Latin)

About the author: Roman Hautala – Ph.D. (History), Senior Research Fellow, Usmanov Center for Research on the Golden Horde and Tatar Khanates, Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences (7A, Baturin Str., Kazan 420111, Russian Federation); Docent, Department of History at the Faculty of Humanities, University of Oulu (1, Pentti Kaiteran Str., Historia, PL 1000, 90570, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland); ORCID: 0000-0003-3898-0107, ResearcherID: H-9114-2016. E-mail: romanhautala@gmail.com

Received  February 10, 2021   Accepted for publication  May 26, 2021
Published  Online June 29, 2021