2023, vol. 11, no. 2. Nagamine H.

2023, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 349-370

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.349-370

EDN: https://elibrary.ru/KIPGZQ

   TUQAY-TIMURIDS, SHIBANIDS, AND THE CRIMEAN KHANATE
IN QĀDIR ʻALĪ BEG’S HISTORIOGRAPHY: HOW DID THE LATER
JOCHID SOURCES UNDERSTAND THE REORGANIZATION
OF THE JOCHID ULUS?

N. Nagamine
National Institute of Technology, Oyama College
Oyama, Japan
gamaja.yokaton.13@gmail.com

Abstract: Research objective: This article reviews the structure of Qādir ʻAlī Beg’s historiography and compares it with other Later Jochid sources while considering its historical understanding of the Tuqay Timurids, Shibanids, and Crimean Khanate. In addition, it considers how such texts understood the reorganization of the Jochid Ulus.
Research materials: Qādir ‘Alī Beg’s historical understanding is deeply reflected in the order of dāstāns in the original part. Based on the structure and historical understanding of Qādir ʻAlī Beg’s historiography, this article pays attention to the structure of other Later Jochid sources such as: Anonym. Tavārīkh-i Guzīda(-yi) Nuṣrat-nāma, Maḥmūd b. Amīr Walī’s Baḥr al-Asrār fī Manāqib al-Akhyār, Ötämish Ḥājī’s Chingīz-nāma / Qara Tavārīkh, Abu’l-Ghāzī’s Shajara-yi Turk (va Mughūl), and Seyyid Muḥammed Riḍā’s Seven Planets in Report about Tatar Rulers.
Results and novelty of the research: In general, the Later Jochid states are called “khanates” by the name of the territory or group they ruled. However, when we look at the structure of the Later Jochid sources, including Qādir ʻAlī Beg’s historiography, the descriptions in the sources further confirm that each state was recognized by its ruling family. Complementing the history and genealogy, the consciousness of belonging to the “Jochids / Jochid Ulus” was preserved, and it is seen that they recognized their belonging to the “Tuqay Timurids” and “Shibanids.” Qādir ʻAlī Beg’s historiography and the other Later Jochid sources have a common historical understanding that the Jochid Ulus was reorganized by the “Tuqay Timurids” and “Shibanids.” This work inherited the tradition of Turkic-Mongolian historiography; in addition, in this respect this work can be positioned as one of the Later Jochid sources. Against the widespread theory that the fall of the “Great Horde” in 1502 was the fall of the Jochid Ulus (Golden Horde), there is a remarkable ongoing argument that the Crimean Khanate claimed to be the successor of the “Great Horde.” On the other hand, from the description of this work and the Shajara-yi Turk, we confirm that no specific information about the Crimean Khanate was brought neither to the Later Jochid states in the east, nor to Kasimov. The relationship between the Crimean Khanate and the other Late Jochid states, the study of historical understanding of the Later Jochid sources and their comparison with the sources of neighboring states is an important issue for future research.

Keywords: Qādir ‘Alī Beg’s historiography, Later Jochid Sources, Tuqay-Timurids, Shibanids, Crimean Khanate

For citation: Nagamine H. Tuqay-Timurids, Shibanids, and the Crimean Khanate in Qādir ʻAlī Beg’s historiography: How did the Later Jochid Sources Understand the Reorganization of the Jochid Ulus? Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2023, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 349–370.  DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-2.349-370 (In Russian)

REFERENCES

  1. Abduzhemilev R.R. The Source Study and Composition Review of the “Seven Planets” by Seyid-Muhammed Riza. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2020, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 316–344. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-2.316-344 (In Russian)
  2. Alekseev A.K. Political History of the Tuqay-Timurids: Based on the Materials of the Persian Historical Work Bahr al-asrar. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University Publ., 2006. 229 p. (In Russian)
  3. Belyakov A.V. On the Time and Place of Writing the Continuation of Ötemish-Hajji’s “Qara Tavarikh” (Comments on the Text). Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie = Golden Horde Review. 2018, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 370–392. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2018-6-2.370-392 (In Russian)
  4. Gulevich V. Ulugh Ulus (the Crimean Khanate). Zolotaya Orda v mirovoy istorii. Eds. by R. Khakimov et al. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2016, pp. 761– (In Russian)
  5. Zaitsev I.V. Crimean Historiographic Tradition of the 15th–19th Centuries. Ways of the Development: Manuscripts, Texts and Sources. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 2009. 304 p. (In Russian)
  6. The History of the Tatars since Ancient Times in Seven Volumes, vol. 4. Tatar States (15–18th Centuries). Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2014. 1080 p. (In Russian)
  7. Iskhakov M. On the genealogy of Ulugh Muhammad. Tyurkologicheskiy sbornik 2001: Zolotaya Orda i ee nasledie. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 2002, pp. 63–74. (In Russian)
  8. Kawaguchi T., Nagamine H. Some New Knowledge about Ötämish Ḥājī’s “Chingīz-nāma”: in the System of Historiography of the Kipchak Steppe. Zolotoordynskaya tsivilizatsiya, Iss. 3, 2010, pp. 44–52. (In Russian)
  9. Kadyr Ali-bek. Jami al-tawarikh. Faksimile rukopisi. Research, critical text, tr. from Turkic, and dictionary by R. Alimov; Ed. by I.M. Mirgaleev. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2022. 544 p. (In Russian, Turkic)
  10. Klyashtornyi S.G., Sultanov T.I. States and Peoples of the Eurasian Steppes: From Antiquity to Modern Times, 3rd ed. Petersburg: Peterburgskoe Vostokovedenie, 2009. 432 p. (In Russian)
  11. Kushkumbaev A.K. Hordes in the Political History of the Jochid Ulus (Sources and Historiography). Almaty: «Shïghïs pen Batïs», 2020. 160 p. (In Russian)
  12. Materials on the History of Kazakh Khanates of the 15th–18th Centuries (Extracts from Persian and Turkic Works). Eds. by S.K. Ibragimov, N.N. Mingulov, K.A. Pishchu­lina, and V.P. Yudin. Alma-Ata: Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 1969. 652 p. (In Russian)
  13. Mustakimov, I.A. On One Copy of the «Daftar-i Chingis-name». Srednevekovye tyurko-tatarskie gosydarstva, Iss. 1, 2009, pp. 122–131. (In Russian)
  14. Mustakimov I.A. The Possessions of Shiban and Abu-l-Khayr-khan according to the Data of the Tavarikh-i guzida – Nusrat-name. Natsional’naya istoriya tatar: teoretiko-metodologicheskoe vvedenie. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2009, pp. 214– (In Russian)
  15. Mustakimov I.A. Jochi and Jochids in the Tavarikh-i guzida– Nusrat-name (Some Problems of Translation and Interpretation of the Chronicle). Tyurkologicheskiy sbornik 2011–2012: Politicheskaya i etnokul’turnaya istoriya tyurkskikh narodov i gosudarstv. Moscow: Nauka – Publishing Vostochnaya literatura, 2013, pp. 231– (In Russian)
  16. Mustakimov I.A. Once Again the Question of the Hordes’ Color Terms in the Ulus of Jochi (the Boz Horde Term in the Sources of the 16th–19th Centuries). Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2015, no. 2, pp. 129– (In Russian)
  17. Nagamine H. Rethinking Qādir ʻAlī Beg’s Historiography (Jāmi‘ al-Tavārīkh). Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2019, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 115–130. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2019-7-1.115-130. (In Russian)
  18. Rakhimzyanov B.R. Muscovite Rus’ and the Tatar Khanates in the 15th–16th Centuries. Kazan: Tatar. kn. izd-vo, 2018. 239 p. + illustrations. (In Russian)
  19. The genealogical tree of the Turks. Composition of Abu’l-Ghāzī, Khan of Khiva. by G.S. Sablukov. Kazan: Tip. Imp. Univ., 1906. XVI + 336 p. (In Russian)
  20. Seyid-Mukhammed Riza. Seven Planets in Report about Tatar Rulers. 1: Transliteratsiya. Transcription by R.R. Abduzhemilev. Ed. by I.M. Mirgaleev. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2019. 364 p. (In Russian, Ottoman Turkish)
  21. Seityag’yaev N.S. Proiskhozhdenie Seyida Mukhammeda Rizy (k voprosu o meste ego «Semi planet» sredi proizvedenii krymskoi istoricheskoi prozy XVIII veka). Kul’tura narodov Prichernomor’ya, 44, 2003, pp. 35–41. (In Russian)
  22. Seityag’yaev N. New Manuscript of Chelebi Akay’s History. Slovo i Chas, No. 1(673), 2017, pp. 70– (In Ukrainian)
  23. Smirnov V.D. Crimean Khanate under the Rule of the Ottoman Porta in 2 Volumes, vol. 1. Moscow: Rubezhi XXI, 2005. 314 p. + illu (In Russian)
  24. Stori Ch.A. Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey: In Three Parts. Tr and revised by Yu.E. Bregel. Moscow: Nauka, 1972. 1884 p. (In Russian)
  25. Tawarikh-i guzida – Nusrat-name. Research and Critical Text by A.M. Akramov. Tashkent: Fen, 1967. 169 + 475 p. (In Russian, Turkic)
  26. Trepavlov V.V. The Great Horde–Takht eli. Essay on History. Tula: Grif i K, 2010. 112 p. (In Russian)
  27. Trepavlov V.V. The Golden Horde after the Collapse: Memories of the Unity. Tyurkologicheskiyi sbornik 2009– Tyurkskie narody Evrazii v drevnosti i sredne­vekov’e. Moscow: Vostochnaya literatura Publ., l. Firm, pp. 360–383. (In Russian)
  28. Tulibaeva Zh.M. Extracts on the History of the Golden Horde from the Shajara-yi Turk va Mugūl. Vestnik Evraziiskogo natsional’nogo universiteta imeni L.N. Gumileva. Seriya Istoricheskie nauki. Religiovedenie, 2021, no. 3(136), pp. 133–146. (In Russian)
  29. Uskenbai K. The Eastern Dasht-i Qipchaq in the 13th – Early 14th Century. Problems of the Ethnopolitical History of the Ulus of Jochi. Kazan: Fen, 2013. 288 p.
  30. Usmanov M.A. Tatar Historical Sources of the 17th–18th Centuries. Kazan: Kazan University Publ., 1972. 223 p. (In Russian)
  31. Utemish-khadzhi. Kara tavarikh. Transcription by I.M. Mirgaleev, E.G. Saifet­dinova, Z.T. Khafizov; Trs. by I.M. Mirgaleev, E.G. Saifetdinova; Ed. by I.M. Mirgaleev. Kazan: Marjani Institute of History of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, 2017. 312 p. (In Russian, Turkic)
  32. Sheibaniada. History of the Mongolo-Turks in the Chaghatay Dialect. Ed and tr. by I. Berezin (Biblioteka vostochnykh istorikov. Ed by I. Berezin, 1). Kazan: Univ. tip., 1849. LXXIX + 80 + 63 + 97 p. + 2 fig. (In Russian, Turkic)
  33. Akasaka Ts. Juchi-ei sho-seiken-shi no kenkyū [Study on Juchid Dynasties]. Tokyo: Kazama-shobō, 2005. ii + 548 + 191 p. (In Japanese)
  34. Akasaka Ts. Baidaru-ei-keifu-jōhō to karahoto-kanbun-monjo [The Genealogy of the Baidar Family and Qaraqota Chinese Documents]. Bulletin of the Society for Western and Southern Asiatic Studies, Kyoto University. 66, 2007, pp. 43–66. (In Japanese)
  35. Akasaka Ts. Perushia-go, chagatai-go-shoshiryō ni mieru mongoru-ōtō-keifu to roshia [Mongol Genealogy and Russia in Persian and Chaghatay Historical Sources]. Hokusei-yūrashia no rekishi-kūkan: zenkindai-roshia to shūhen-sekai [North-western Eurasia Historical Space: Premodern Russia and Surrounding World]. Eds. by M. Ozawa, N. Naganawa. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Publ., 2016, pp. 233– (In Japanese)
  36. Allaeva N. The Shajara-ye Turk as an Important Source on the History of Relations between Khiva and its Neighbors. Journal of Persianate Studies, vol. 7, 2014, pp. 55–87.
  37. Binbaş İ.E. Intellectual Networks in Timurid Iran: Sharaf al-Dīn ‘Alī Yazdī and the Islamicate Republic of Letters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Publ., 2016. xviii + 340 p.
  38. Collins L. On the alleged “destruction” of the Great Horde in 1502. Manzikert to Lepanto: The Byzantine World and the Turks, 1071–1571. Eds. by A. Bryer, M. Ursinus. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert Publisher, 1991, pp. 361–
  39. DeWeese D. Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Histrical and Epic Tradition. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Publ., 1994. 638 p.
  40. DeWeese D. Chaghatay Literature in the Early Sixteenth Century: Notes on Turkic Translations from the Uzbek Courts of Mawarannahr. Turkish Language, Literature, and History: Travelers’ tales, sultans, and scholars since the eighth century. Eds. by B. Hickman and G. Leiser. London and New York: Routledge, 2016, pp. 99–117.
  41. Die Scheïbaniade: Ein Özbegisches Heldengedicht in 76 Gesängen Von Prinz Mohammed Salih Aus Charezm. Ed. and tr. by H. Vambéry. Budapest: Universitäts-Buchhandlung, 1885. 468 p. (In German, Turkic)
  42. Dobrovits M. 1994. The Turco-Mongolian Tradition of Common Origin and the Historiography in Fifteenth Century Central Asia. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung, vol. 47, Iss. 3, 1994, pp. 269–
  43. Göncöl Cs. Remarks on the Čingiz-nāmä of Ötämiš Ḥāǰǰī. Ottomans – Crimea – Jochids: Studies in Honour of Mária Ivanics. Ed. by I. Zimonyi. Szeged: University of Szeged, 2020, pp. 123–131.
  44. Hamamoto M. “Seinaru-Roshia” no isurāmu: 17–18 seiki tatāru-jin no seikyō-kaishū [Islam in Holy Russia: The Tatar Conversion to the Russian Orthodox Church]. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Publ., 2009. vii + 283 p. (In Japanese)
  45. Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares par Abu l-Ġāzī Bahādour Ḫān. by Le Baron Desmaisons, vol. 1, Text. Frankfurt am Main: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 1994. II + 386 p. (In Turkic)
  46. Hofman H.F. Turkish Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey. Section 3, Part 1, Vol. 1. Utrecht: The Library of the University of Utrecht, 1969.
  47. Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources. by S.C. Levi, R. Sela. Bloomington-Indianapolis: Indiana University Publ., 2010. xiii + 318 p.
  48. Kafalı M. Ötemiş Hacı’ya göre Cuci Ulusu’nun Tarihi. Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü, 2009. 160 p. (In Turkish)
  49. Kawaguchi T. Kipuchaku-sōgen to roshia [The Qipchaq Steppe and Russia]. Iwanami-kōza-sekai-rekishi 11: Chūō-yūrashia no tōgō 9–16 seiki [Iwanami Lectures on World History 11: Unification of Central Eurasia: 9th–16th Century]. Tokyo: Iwanami-shoten, 1997, pp. 275– (In Japanese)
  50. Kawaguchi T. Thimūru-teikoku-shihai-sō no kenkyū [The Study of the Timurid Empire’s Ruling Stratum]. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Publ., 2007. v + 399 p. (In Japanese)
  51. Kawaguchi T. 18 seiki kurimia no osuman-go-shisho “shojōjō no yōtei” ni okeru rekishi-jojutsu: perushia-go-bunken kara no eikyō wo chūshin ni [Historical Narratives in the 18th Century Crimean Ottoman Historiography ‘Umdet ül-Ahbār: Focusing on the Influence of Persian Literature]. Perushia-go ga musunda sekai: mō-hitotsu no yūrashia-shi [A World Connected by Persian Language: Another Eurasian History]. Ed. by K. Morimoto. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Publ., 2009, pp. 147–173. (In Japanese)
  52. Kawaguchi T., Nagamine, H. Rethinking the Political System of the Jöchid. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung, vol. 69, Iss. 2, 2016, pp. 165–
  53. Kılıç N. History and Self-Reflection: Muhammad Salih’s Shaybani-nama: (A Sixteenth Century Central Asian Source in Chaghatay). Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, vol. 1, no. 1, 1999, pp. 51–
  54. Kołodziejczyk D. The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century): A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2011. xxxv + 1049 p.
  55. Nagamine H. Kādhiru-arī-begu no shisho ni tsuite: Jochi-urusu-keishō-seiken-shiryō no shiryō-teki-kachi to sono rekishi-ninshiki [On Qādir ‘Alī Beg’s Historiography: Values as Sources and Historical Perceptions of the Historiographies of Successor States to Ulūs-i Jūchī/Jöchi]. The World of Islam, vol. 81, 2014, pp. 1–31. (In Japanese)
  56. Nagamine H. Jochi-urusu-kōei-seiken ha nani wo sanshō shi, jochi-urusu-saihen wo ikani ninshiki shitanoka? [What Did the Later Jochid Sources Refer to and How Did They Recognize the Reorganization of the Jochid Ulus?]. Historical Narratives and the Utilization of the Past in Modern Central Asia. Ed. by Jin Noda. Tokyo: Research Institute for Language and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 2023, pp. 5–52. (In Japanese)
  57. Ötämiš Ḥājī. Čingīz-nāma. Introduction, Annotated Translation, Transcription and Critical Text by T. Kawaguchi, H. Nagamine; Supervision by M. Sugahara. Tokyo: Research Institute for Language and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 2008. xl + 100 + 46 p. (In Japanese, English, Turkic)
  58. Saguchi T. Mongoru-teikoku no keishō-kokka ni tsuite [On the Successor States of the Mongol Empire]. Silk Road, vol. 5, No. 8, 1979, pp. 14–19. (In Japanese)
  59. Sela R. Rashīd al-Dīn’s Historiographical Legacy in the Muslim World. Rashīd al-Dīn. Agent and Mediator of Cultural Exchanges in Ilkhanid Iran. Eds. by Akasoy et al. London: The Warburg Institute, 2013, pp. 213–222.
  60. Sela R. The “Sultans of the Turks”: Central Asia’s Vernacular Moment, 1500– From the Khan’s Oven: Studies on the History of Central Asian Religions in Honor of Devin DeWeese. Eds. by E. Tasar et al. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2022, pp. 77–100.
  61. Uno N. Chūō-yūrashia-yūbokumin no sekai-zō no keisei [Formation of the World Image of Central Eurasian Nomads]. “Sekai-shi” no sekai-shi [World History of “World History”]. Ed. by Sh. Akita et al. Tokyo: Minerva-shobō, 2016, pp. 177–191. (In Japanese)
  62. Vásáry I. The Crimean Khanate and the Great Horde (1440s–1500s): A Fight for Primacy. The Crimean Khanate between East and West (15th–18th Century). by Denise Klein. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2012, pp. 13–26.
  63. Vásáry I. Golden Horde. Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. by K. Fleet et al. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2016, pp. 106–112.
  64. Walsh J.R. The Turkish Manuscripts in New College, Edinburgh. Oriens, vol. 12, Iss. 1–2, 1959, pp. 171–
  65. Welsford Th. 2011. Rethinking the Ḥamzahids of Ḥiṣār. Asiatische Studien. Vol. 65, Iss. 3, 2011, pp. 797–823.
  66. Welsford, Th. 2013. Four Types of Loyalty in Early Modern Central Asia: The Tūqāy-Tīmūrid Takeover of Greater Mā Warā al-Nahr, 1598–1605. Leiden-Boston: Bril. XXII +365 p.

About the author: Hiroyuki Nagamine ‒ Master of Arts, Associate Professor, Department of General Education, National Institute of Technology, Oyama College (771, Nakakuki, Oyama, Tochigi 3230806, Japan). E-mail: h_nagamine@oyama-ct.ac.jp ; gamaja.yokaton.13@gmail.com

Received  March 21, 2023     Accepted for publication  May 24, 2023
Published  Online June 29, 2023