2020, vol. 8, no. 4. Dzhanov A.V.

2020, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 675-713

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-4.675-713

   THE TATAR-GENOESE TREATIES OF 1380 AND 1381

A.V. Dzhanov
National Conservation Area “St. Sophia of Kyiv”
Kyiv, Ukraine
alexanderdzhanov@gmail.com

Abstract: Research objectives: To provide an introduction to the scholarly circulation of an improved transcription and Russian translation of the Tatar-Genoese treaties dated to 1380–1381 which were concluded between the Golden Horde’s rulers of Solkhat and representatives of the administration of Genoese Caffa.
Research materials: The Tatar-Genoese treaties of 28 November 1380 and 23 February 1381.
Results and novelty of the research: This paper introduces the improved transcription and translation into Russian of the Tatar-Genoese treaties signed during the most difficult period in the Golden Horde history which followed the defeat of Mamai’s troops at Kulikovo and the subsequent ascension of Toqtamïsh Khan. The texts of the agreements are literal translations from the Turkic original into the spoken Ligurian language (dialetto). Some elements of the text reflect the standard form of the yarliqs (decrees) of local rulers of the Golden Horde which have been preserved, particularly within Venetian documents. The treaty of 1380 contains the name of the previously unknown khan of the Golden Horde, Konak-Bey. The main concession to the Genoese was the transfer of eighteen casalias (rural communities) of Soldaia and an unspecified number of casalias of Gotia. In the treaty of 1381, three casalias of Cembalo were added to the previous concession.

Keywords: Crimea, Solkhat, Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo, Gotia, titam (titanus), Conac-bey Khan, lord of Solchat Iharcasso-bey, lord of Solchat Ellias-bey

For citation: Dzhanov A.V. The Tatar-Genoese Treaties of 1380 and 1381. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2020, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 675–713. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2020-8-4.675-713

Thanks: The author of this publication thanks Ilyas Kamalov for photocophy of documents and Roman Hautala for help in translating the Ligurian text.

REFERENCES

  1. Adygi, balkartzy i karachaevtsy v izvestiyakh evropeiskikh avtorov XIII–XIX vv. [The Adygs, Balkars, and Karachais according to the European authors from the thirteenth to nineteenth centuries]. Gardanov V.K. (ed.). Nalchik: Elbrus, 1974. 636 p. (In Russian)
  2. Galenko O. Tudun [Tudun]. Skhidnyi Svit [Oriental World]. 1998, no. 1–2, pp. 183–204. (In Ukrainian)
  3. Dzhanov A.V. Kaffa i Krym vo vtoroy polovine XIV veka (preimushestvenno po dannym knig massarii Kaffy) [Caffa and Crimea in the second half of the fourteenth century (according to the books of Caffa’s massarias)]. Sugdeys’kiy zbirnyk [Sugdeian Collection]. Kyiv, 2018, iss. 1 (VII), pp. 44–303. (In Russian)
  4. Dzhanov A.V. Kaffa, Krymskoe khanstvo i osmany v 1454–1456 гг. (po dannym knig massarii Kaffy [Caffa, the Crimean Khanate, and the Ottomans in 1454–1456 (according the books of Caffa’s massaria)]. Sugdeys’kiy zbirnyk [Sugdeian Collection]. Kyiv, 2019, iss. 2 (VIII), pp. 79–373. (In Russian)
  5. Kovalevskiy M. Yuridicheskiy byt Genuezskikh koloniy na Chernom more v pervoy polovine XV v. [Legal life of the Genoese colonies on the Black Sea in the second half of the fifteenth century]. Sbornik statey po istorii prava, posvjashennyi N.F.Vladimirskomu-Budanovu [Collection of Articles on the History of Law, Dedicated to N.F. Vladimirsky-Budanov]. Kyiv, 1904, pp. 195–228. (In Russian)
  6. Opisanie Chernomor’ya, sostavlennoe Emidiem l’Askoli v 1634 godu [Description of the Black Sea, compiled by Emidius d’Askoli in 1634]. Dashkevich N.P. (ed.). Chteniya v Istoricheskom obshchestve Nestora letopistsa [Readings in the Historical Society of Nestor the Chronicler]. Kyiv, 1891, no. 5, pp. 172–228. (In Russian and Italian)
  7. Opisanie Chernogo morya i Tatarii, sostavil dominikanets Emidio Dorotelli D’Askoli, prefekt Kaffy i Tatarii i proch. 1634 [The description of the Black Sea and Tataria made by the Dominican Emiddio Dortelli D’Ascoli, the Prefect of Caffa, Tataria, and so on. 1634]. Pimenov N.N. (tr.). Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i drevnostey [Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities]. 1902, no. 24, pp. 89–180. (In Russian)
  8. Ponomarev A.L. Pervyie khany Kryma: khronologiya smuty 1420-kh godov v schetakh genuezskogo kaznacheystva Kaffy [The early khans of Crimea: The chronology of the Turmoil in the accounts of the Genoese Treasury of Caffa, the 1420s]. Zolotoordynskoie obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2013, no. 2, pp. 158–190. (In Russian)
  9. Puteshestvie Ivana Shil’tbergera po Evrope, Azii i Afrike, s 1394 goda po 1427 god [The Travels of Johann Schiltberger in Europe, Asia and Afrique since 1394 to 1427]. Brun F. (tr.). Vol. 1. Odessa, 1867. iii + 158 p. (In Russian)
  10. Smirnov V.D. Krymskoie khanstvo pod verkhovenstvom Ottomanskoy Porty do nachala XVIII veka [Crimean Khanate under the Rule of the Ottoman Port until the beginning of the eighteenth century]. Saint Petersburg, 1887. xxxv + 770 p. (In Russian)
  11. Talakh V.M. Ordyns’ko–genuez’ki dogovory 1380 ta 1381 rokiv u istorychnomu konteksti [The Horde-Genoese Treaties of 1380 and 1381 in a Historical Context]. Available at: https://www.myslenedrevo.com.ua/uk/Sci/History/HordeGenovaTreaties1380-1.h tml (accessed 26.06.2020) (In Ukrainian)
  12. Remmal Khoja. “Tarikh-i-Sahib Geray Khan” [History of Sahib Geray Khan]. Part 4. Abduzhemilev R. (tr.). Krymskoie istoricheskoie obozrenie=Crimean Historical Review. 2019, no. 13, pp. 203–233. (In Russian)
  13. Rykin P.O. Titiam: ob odnom kitayskom titule v srednevekovekh russkikh letopisiakh [Titam: About a Chinese title in medieval Russian chronicles]. AB-60. Sbornik k 60-letiyu Al’berta Kashfullovicha Bayburina. [AB-60. Collection of Articles Dedicated to the Sixtieth Birthday of Albert Kashfullovich Bayburin]. St. Petersburg, 2007, pp. 475–492. (In Russian)
  14. Tizengauzen V.G. Sbornik materialov, otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy. T. I: Izvlecheniya iz sochineniy arabskikh [Collected Materials Related to the History of the Golden Horde, Vol. 1: Extracts from the Arabic Sources]. Istoriya Kazakhstana v arabskikh istochnikakh [History of Kazakhstan in Arabic sources]. Vol. I. Almaty, 2005. 712 p. (InRussian)
  15. Ustav dlia genuezskikh koloniy v Chernom more, izdannyi v Genue v 1449 godu [The statute for the Genoese colonies in the Black Sea published in Genoa in 1449]. Yurgevich V.N. (ed. and tr.). Zapiski Odesskogo obshestva istorii i drevnostey [Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities]. 1863, no. 5, pp. 629–837. (In Latin and Russian)
  16. Aprosio S. Vocabolario Ligure storico – bibliografico sec. X–XX, Parte seconda: Volgare e Dialetto, Vol. II: M–X. Savona, 2003. (In Italian)
  17. Balard M. La Romanie Génoise (XIIe – début du XVe siécle). 2 Vols. Genova; Rome: Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome, 1978. 1008 р. (with continuous pagination). (In French)
  18. Benedetti A. Contributo alla biografia di Ernesto Giacomo Parodi. Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria. 2012, nuova serie, vol. LIII (CXXVII), fasc. I, pp. 269–284. (In Italian)
  19. The Bondage and Travels of Johann Schiltberger, a Native of Bavaria, in Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1396–1427. Buchan Telfer J. (tr.). London: Hakluyt Society, 1879. xxix + 264 p.
  20. Caroli P. “Note sono le dolorose vicende …”: gli archivi genovesi fra Genova, Parigi e Torino (1808–1952). Spazi per la memoria storica. La storia di Genova attraverso le vicende delle sedi e dei documenti dell’Archivio di Stato – Atti del convegno internazionale. Genova, 7–10 giugno 2004. Assini A. e Caroli P. (eds). Genova, 2009, pp.273–388. (In Italian)
  21. Codice diplomatico delle colonie Tauro–Liguri (1453–1475). T. II. Рarte II: 1473–1475. Vigna A. (ed.). Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria. Genova, 1879–1881. Vol.VII. Parte II. 1014 p.(In Italian)
  22. Desimoni C. Trattato dei genovesi col chan dei tartari nel 1380–1381 scritto in lingua volgare. Archivio storico italiano. Torino, 1887, no. 20, pp. 161–165. (In Italian)
  23. Diplomatarium veneto-levantinum, Vol. 1: 1300–1350. Thomas G.M. et Tafel T.L.F. (eds). Venetiis: Sumptius societatis. 1880. xxvi + 356 p. (In Latin)
  24. Diplomatarium veneto-levantinum, Vol. 2: 1351–1454. Thomas G.M. et Predelli R. (eds). Cambrige, 2012 (1899). xviii + 452 р. (In Latin)
  25. Fischel W.J. Ascensus Barcoch (I): A Latin biography of the Mamlūk Sultan Barqūq of Egypt (d. 1399) written by B. de Mignanelli in 1416: Rendered into English with an Introduction and a Commentary. Arabica. 1959, vol. 6, fasc. 1, pp. 57–74.
  26. Heyd G. Le colonie commerciali degli Italiani in Oriente nel Medio Evo. Vol. II. Venezia, 1868. viii + 447 р. (In Italian)
  27. Gardini S. Cornelio Desimoni (1813–1899): “un ingegno vasto e sintetico”. Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria. Genova, 2014, nuova serie, vol. LIV (CXXVIII), fasc. I, pp. 37–61. (In Italian)
  28. Imposicio Officii Gazarie. Sauli L. (ed.). Historiae Patriae Monumenta, T. I: Leges municipales. Augustae Taurinorum (Torino), 1838, pp. 287–430. (In Latin)
  29. [Interiano Giorgio.] La Vita et Sito de Zychi. Venetis, 1502. (In Italian)
  30. Kemaloğlu İ. and Özyetgin A.M. Altın Orda Hanlığına Ait Resmi Yazışmalar. Ankara, 2017. xvi + 172 p. (In Turkish)
  31. Kern A. Der “Libellus de Notitia Orbis” Iohannes III (De Galonifontibus) O.P.Erzbischof von Sulthanyeh. Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum. 1938, no. 8, pp. 82–123. (InLatin and German)
  32. Kuun G. Adalékok Krim történetéhez. Értekezések a Nyelv- és Széptudományok köréből. III. kötet 10. szám. 1873. 52 p. (In Hungarian)
  33. Leges genuenses. Desimoni C., Belgrango A.T., et Poggi V. (eds). Historiae patriae monu­menta. T. XVIII. Augustae Taurinorum: E regio typographeo apud fratres Bocca bibliopola Regis (Torino), 1901. viii + 1212 col. (In Latin)
  34. Oderico G.L. Lettere ligustiche ossia osservazioni critiche sullo stato geografico della Liguria fino ai tempi di Ottone il Grande con le memore storiche di Caffa, ed altre luoghi della Crimea posseduti un tempo da Genovesi. Bassano, 1792. xxii + 216 p. (In Italian)
  35. Olivieri A. Carte e cronache manoscritte per la storia genovese esistenti nella Biblioteca della R. Università Ligure. Genova, 1855. 242 р. (In Italian)
  36. Pegolotti F.B. La pratica della mercatura. Evans A. (ed.). Cambridge, Mass., 1936. liv + 244 p. (In Italian)
  37. Sacy S. Raport sur les recherches faites dans les Archives du Gouvernement et autres dépôts publics à Gènes. Histoire et mémoires de l’Institut royal de France: classe d’histoire et de littérature ancienne. Paris, 1818, no. 3, pp. 85–125. (In French)
  38. Sacy S. Pièces diplomatiques tirées des archives de République de Gènes. Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque du Roi et autres bibliothèques. Paris, 1827, no.11, pp. 1–122. (In French)
  39. Salone A.M. La figura e l’opera di Gasparo Luigi Oderico. Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria. 1982, nuova serie, vol. XXII, pp. 269–300. (In Italian)
  40. Statuti della colonia genovese di Pera. Promis V. (ed.). Miscellanea di Storia Italiana. Torino, 1870, vol. 11, pp. 513–780. (In Italian and Latin)
  41. Tārih-i Sāhib Giray Hān (Histoire de Sahib Giray, Khan de Crimée de 1532 à 1551). Gökbilgin Ö (ed. and tr.). Ankara, 1973. (In Turkish)
  42. Tardy L. The Caucasian peoples and their neighbours in 1404. Acta Orientalia. 1978, no. 32 (1), pp. 83–111.
  43. Thiriet F. Régestes des délibérations du Sénat de Venise concernant la Romanie. Vol. I. Paris, 1958. 248 p. (In Latin and French)

About the author: Aleksandr V. Dzhanov – Senior Research Fellow, National Conservation Area “St. Sophia of Kyiv” (24, Vladimirskaya Str., Kyiv 01001, Ukraine). E-mail: alexanderdzhanov@gmail.com

Received  August 5, 2020   Accepted for publication November 27,2020
Published Online December 29, 2020