2017. Vol. 5, no. 1. Sultanov T.I.

2017. Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 74-92

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2017-5-1.74-92

   HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE ETHIC AND POLITICAL HISTORY
OF THE JOCHID AND CHAGHATAID ULUSES

T.I. Sultanov
Saint Petersburg University
St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation
E-mail: vasilieva_nina@mail.ru

Objective: The article is dedicated to basic stages of ethnic and political development of two heirs of the Mongol Empire – uluses of Jochi (Golden Horde) and Chaghatai (in Central Asia) and their own successors in the 13th–18th cc.
Research materials: The sources mainly used in this study are historical works of contemporary Islamic authors: Jamal Qarshi, Rashid al-Din, Wassaf (turn of the 13th–14th cc.), al-Omari and Hamdallah Qazwini (14th c.), Mirza Muhammad Haydar, Seyfi Çelebi, Amin b. Ahmad Razi (16th c.), Abu-l-Ghazi, Mahmud b. Wali, Hajji Khalifa (17th c.) and others. Also opinions of leading Soviet and post-Soviet as well as foreign specialists on ethnical and political history of Central Asia (V. Barthold, A. Samoilovich, S. Ibragimov, A. Mokeev, B. Karmysheva, Sh. Ando, B.F. Manz, etc.) have been taken into consideration in this study.
Results and novelty of the research: The “reference point” of this article is epoch of Mongol invasions and establishment of the Mongol Empire. During this time earlier political and ethnical realities were crushed. Disintegration of the Empire and creation of independent Chinggisid states initiated new turn of ethno- and politogenesis continued until the fall of these states at the beginning of the 16th c.
Thus, ethnical and political development of the Central Eurasia was a long-term process, and firstly the terms, which are used as ethnonyms today, reflected political and social but not a national characteristics of their holders. Only after disintegration of Chinggisid uluses of imperial type and appearance of new states (Kazakh khanate, Shibanid states on the territory of Chaghataid ulus, Moghulistan and Moghulia-Kashgaria in the Eastern Turkestan) we could talk about formation of ethnical formations, which became a basis for the modern peoples of the Central Asia.
Author pays attention to hypothetical nature of many conclusions of specialist in the ethnical history of Eurasia although they based on careful study of medieval sources. This gives an opportunity to continue researches of this subject.

Keywords: Mongol Empire, ulus of Jochi, Chaghataid ulus, ethnic and political history, Kipchaks, Uzbeks, Chaghatais, Moghuls, medieval Islamic historiography.

For citation: Sultanov T.I. Historiography of the Ethnic and Political History of the Jochid and Chaghataid Uluses. Golden Horde Review. 2017. Vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 74–92. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2017-5-1.74-92

REFERENCES

  1. Alekseev A.K. Politicheskaya istoriya Tukay-Timuridov. Po materialam persidskogo istoricheskogo sochineniya Bakhr al-asrar [Political History of the Tuqai-Timurids: Based on Materials of Persian Historical Work Bakhr al-asrar]. St. Petersburg, St. Petetrsburg University Publ., 2006. 229 p. (In Russian)
  2. Arapov A.V. Karaunasy, nikuderiytsy i ikh rol’ v chagatayskoy istorii [Qara’unas, Negüderi and Their Role in Chaghataid History]. Obshchestvennye nauki v Uzbekistane [Social Sciences in Uzbekistan], 2004, no. 2–3, pp. 61–67. (In Russian)
  3. Bartol’d V.V. Dvenadtsat’ lektsiy po istorii turetskikh narodov Sredney Azii [Twelve Lections on the History of Turkish Peoples of Middle Asia]. Sochineniya [Collected Works]. Vol. 5. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1968, pp. 17–192. (In Russian)
  4. Bartol’d V.V. Istoriya kul’turnoy zhizni Turkestana [History of Cultural Life of Turkestan]. Sochineniya [Collected Works]. Vol. 2, part 1. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 1963, pp. 167–433. (In Russian)
  5. Bartol’d V.V. Istoriya turetsko-mongol’skikh narodov [History of Turkish-Mongol Peoples]. Sochineniya [Collected Works]. Vol. 5. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1968, pp. 193–229. (In Russian)
  6. Bartol’d V.V. Kirgizy. Istoricheskiy ocherk [The Kyrgyz. Historical Essay]. Sochineniya [Collected Works]. Vol. II, part. 1. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 1963, pp. 471–544. (In Russian)
  7. Bartol’d V.V. Mesto prikaspiyskikh oblastey v istorii musul’manskogo mira [The Place of Caspian Regions in the History of Islamic World]. Sochineniya [Collected Works]. Vol. 2, Pt. 1. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 1963, pp. 649–772. (In Russian)
  8. Bartol’d V.V. Obzor istorii tyurkskikh narodov [Survey of the History of Turkic Peoples]. Sochineniya [Collected Works]. Vol. 5. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1968, pp. 425–437. (In Russian)
  9. Bartol’d V.V. Ocherk istorii Semirech’ya [Essay on the History of Zhetysu]. Sochineniya [Collected Works]. Vol. 2, part 1. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 1963, pp. 21–106. (In Russian)
  10. Bartol’d V.V. Turkestan v epokhu mongol’skogo nashestviya [Turkestan during the Mongol Invasion]. Sochineniya [Collected Works]. Vol. 1. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 1963, pp. 43–610. (In Russian)
  11. Bartol’d V.V. Chagatay-khan [Chaghatai Khan]. Sochineniya [Collected Works]. Vol. 2, part 2. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1964, pp. 540–544. (In Russian)
  12. Ibragimov S.K. Eshche raz o termine «kazakh» [Once More on the Term Kazakh]. Novye materialy po drevney i srednevekovoy istorii Kazakhstana (Trudy Instituta istorii, arkheologii i etnografii AN KazSSSR. T. 8) [New Materials on Ancient and Medieval History of Kazakhstan (Proceedings of Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of Academy of Science of Kazakh SSR, Vol. 8)]. Alma-Ata, 1960, pp. 66–71. (In Russian)
  13. Karmysheva B.Kh. K istorii formirovaniya naseleniya yuzhnykh rayonov Uzbekistana i Tadzhikistana [History of Formation of Population of Southern Areas of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan]. VII Mezhdunarodnyy kongress antropologicheskikh i etnograficheskikh nauk (Moskva, avgust 1964). Otd. ottisk [7th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnographic Sciences (Moscow, August 1964, Special Reprint]. Moscow, 1964. 9 p. (In Russian)
  14. Karmysheva B.Kh. Ocherki etnicheskoy istorii yuzhnykh rayonov Tadzhikistana i Uzbekistana (po etnograficheskim dannym) [Essays on Ethnic History of Southern Areas of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (based on ethnographic data)]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1976. 323 p. (In Russian)
  15. Le Livre de Marco Polo [Rus. ed.: Kniga Marko Polo o raznoobrazii mira, zapisannaya pizantsem Rustikano v 1298 g. ot R.Kh. Almaty: Mektep, 2004. 616 p.] (In Russian)
  16. Mahmud ibn Wali. Bakhr al-asrar fi manakib al-akhiyar. Vol. 6. Pt. 2–3. Photocopy from manuscript from Tashkent. Code of IOM RAS, FV 82; Vol. 6, Pt. 4. Xerocopy of manuscript from the «India Office» Library, № 1496, England. (In Persian)
  17. Mokeev A. Kyrgyzy na Altae i na Tyan’shane [The Kyrgyz on Altai and Tian-Shan]. Bishkek, Manas, 2010. 280 p. (In Russian)
  18. Muizz al-ansab. Manuscipt of the National Library (France). R. 67. (In Persian)
  19. Muhammad Haydar ibn Muhammad Husain Gurgan. Tarikh-i Rashidi. Manuscript of IOM RAS. V 648. (In Persian)
  20. Petrushevskiy I.P. Rashid ad-Din i ego istoricheskiy trud [Rashid al-Din and His Historical Work]. Rashid al-Din. Sbornik letopisey [Compendium of Chronicles]. Vol. 1, part 1. Moscow; Leningrad, Akademiya nauk SSSR Publ., 1952, pp. 7–38. (In Russian)
  21. Rashid al-Din. Sbornik letopisey [Compendium of Chronicles]. Vol. 1, part 1, transl by L.A. Khetagurov; ed. and notes by A.A. Semenov. Moscow; Leningrad, Akademiya nauk SSSR Publ., 1952. 220 p. (In Russian)
  22. Rashid al-Din. Sbornik letopisey [Compendium of Chronicles]. Vol. 1, part 2, transl. by O.I. Smirnov; notes by B.I. Pankratov and O.I Smirnova; ed. by A.A. Semenov. Moscow; Leningrad, Akademiya nauk SSSR Publ., 1952. 316 p. (In Russian)
  23. Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo. Embajada a Tamorlan [Russ. ed.: Rui Gonsales de Klavikho. Dnevnik puteshestviya v Samarkand ko dvoru Timura (1403–1406). Per. so staroisp. I.S. Mirokovoy]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1990. 216 p. (In Russian)
  24. Samoylovich A.N. K istorii literaturnogo sredneaziatsko-turetskogo yazyka [History of Literary Central Asian Turkic Language]. Mir Ali-Shir. Sbornik k pyatisotletiyu so dnya rozhdeniya [Mir Ali-Shir: Collected Works on occasion of 500th anniversary]. Leningrad, Akademiya nauk SSSR Publ., 1928, pp. 1–23. (In Russian)
  25. Sbornik materialov, otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy. Vol. 2. Izvlecheniya iz persidskikh sochineniy, sobrannye V.G. Tizengauzenom i obrabotannye A.A. Romaskevichem i S.L. Volinym [Collected Materials on the Golden Horde History. Extracts from Persian Works collected by V.G. Tiesenhausen and edited by A.A. Romaskevich and S.L. Volin]. Moscow; Leningrad, Akademiya nauk SSSR Publ., 1941. 308 p. (In Russian)
  26. Stebleva I.V. K voprosu o proiskhozhdenii zhanra tuyug [On the Origin of Tuyug Gengre]. Tyurkologicheskiy sbornik [Studia Turcologica]. 1970. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1970, pp. 135–147. (In Russian)
  27. Sultanov T.I. Kochevye plemena Priaral’ya v XV–XVII vv. Voprosy etnicheskoy i sotsial’noy istorii [Nomadic Tribes of Aral Region of the 15th–17th centuries: Questions of Ethnical and Social History]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1982. 134 p. (In Russian)
  28. Sultanov T.I. Izvestiya osmanskogo istorika XVI v. Seyfi Chelebi o narodakh Tsentral’noy Azii [Information of the Ottoman Historian of the 16th Seyfi Çelebi on the Peoples of Central Asia]. Tyurkologicheskiy sbornik 2003–2004. Tyurkskie narody v drevnosti i srednevekov’e [Studia Turcologica 2003–2004: Turkic Peoples in Ancient and Medieval Times]. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 2005, pp. 254–272. (In Russian)
  29. Tiesenhausen V.G. Sbornik materialov, otnosyashchikhsya k istorii Zolotoy Ordy. Izvlecheniya iz sochineniy arabskikh [Collected Materials on the Golden Horde History. Vol. 1: Extracts from Arabic Works]. St. Petersburg, 1884. 564 p. (In Russian)
  30. Trepavlov V.V. Istoriya Nogayskoy Ordy [History of the Nogay Horde]. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura Publ., 2001. 752 p. (In Russian)
  31. Usmanov M.A. Zhalovannye akty Dzhuchieva Ulusa XIV–XVI vv. [Granted Charters of the Jochid Ulus of the 14th–16th cc.]. Kazan, Kazan State Univesity Publ., 1979. 319 p. (In Russian)
  32. Ando Sh. Timuridische Emire nach dem Muizz al-ansab. Berlin, Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 1992. 337 р. (In German)
  33. Histoire des Mongols et des Tatars par Aboul-Ghâzi Bèhadour Khan. Publiée, traduitée et annotée par le Baron Desmaissons. Vol. 1. Texte. St. Petersburg, 1871. 386 р.
  34. Manz B.F. The Clans of the Crimean Khanate, 1466–1532. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Vol. II, no. 3. Sept. 1978, pp. 282–309.
  35. Manz B.F. The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane. Cambridge, Cambridge University Publ., 1989. xi + 227 р.

About the author: Tursun I. Sultanov – Dr. Sci. (History), Professor, Head of the Department of Central Asia and Caucasus of the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg State University (11, Universitetskaya naberezhnaya St. Peterburg 199034, Russian Federation). E-mail: vasilieva_nina@mail.ru

Received  January 11, 2017
Accepted for publication  March 07, 2017
Published online March 30, 2017