2023, vol. 11, no. 4. Zilivinskaya E.D.

2023, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 758-783

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-4.758-783

EDN: https://elibrary.ru/HPQQIE

   ISLAM AND SURVIVALS OF PRE-ISLAMIC BELIEFS
IN THE GOLDEN HORDE ON THE MATERIALS
OF ARCHITECTURAL FUNERAL STRUCTURES

E.D. Zilivinskaya
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology
of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow, Russian Federation
eziliv@mail.ru 

Abstract: The purpose of the study: To consider how monumental architecture, in particular memorial buildings, reflected the changes in society associated with the adoption of Islam in the Golden Horde and ties with other Muslim states.
Research materials: Mausoleums which are the most numerous objects of monumental architecture explored throughout the territory of the Golden Horde. The paper considers both archaeological sites and various images of mausoleums: drawings of the 18th–19th centuries, and photographs of the late 19th – early 20th centuries.
Results and scientific novelty: On the basis of building technology in the Golden Horde, two areas of architecture are distinguished – building from brick (fired and raw) and building from stone. An analysis of the planning, construction techniques, architectural details of the mausoleums, and construction equipment leads to the conclusion that several directions can be traced in the composition of the Golden Horde memorial architecture. The influence of the Central Asian school associated with the construction of fired and raw bricks was very significant. The architectural forms of brick mausoleums, distributed mainly in the steppe zone, find direct analogies among the monuments of Central Asia, primarily Khorezm. In the monuments made in the technique of stone construction, the influence of Asia Minor and Transcaucasia can be traced. It is expressed both in the architectonics of buildings and in the use of certain building techniques. The Golden Horde tower mausoleums, most likely, were exact copies of those in Asia Minor and Azerbaijan. Along with the forms of memorial buildings typical for the Muslim world, there were buildings of archaic appearance in the ulus of Jochi. Pyramidal mausoleums were built there, the shape of which the researchers deduce from the tomb structures in the form of barrows; these can be associated with the Turkic memorial buildings of the 9th–11th centuries.

Keywords: Golden Horde, adoption of Islam, monumental architecture, mausoleums, architectonics, construction equipment, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Turks

For citation: Zilivinskaya E.D. Islam and survivals of pre-islamic beliefs in the Gol­den Horde on the materials of architectural funeral structures. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2023, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 758–783. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-4.758-783 (In Russian)

REFERENCES

  1. Azhigali S.E. Nomadic architecture. The phenomenon of the history and culture of Eurasia (monuments of the Aral-Caspian region). Almaty: NIC «Ғylym», 2002. 652 p. (In Russian)
  2. Azhigali S.E., Turganbaeva L.R. Abat Baitak – the pearl of the Kazakh steppe. Almaty, 2004. 32 p. (In Russian)
  3. Blohin V.G. Study of the memorial complex on the southwestern outskirts of the Tsarevskoye settlement. The Lover Volga Archaeological Bulletin. Volgograd: Volgograd State University Publ., 2008, no. 9, pp. 227–237. (In Russian)
  4. Botalov S.G., Malamud G.Ya. Funerary complex of Kesene. Ufa Archaeological Bulletin. Ufa, 2001, no. 3, pp. 162–168. (In Russian)
  5. Bretanickiy L.S. Architecture of Azerbaijan 12–15th centuries. and its place in the architecture of the Middle East. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1966. 785 p. (in Russian)
  6. Vasil’ev D.V. Islam in the Golden Horde. Historical and archaeological research. Astrahan: Astrahanskiy universitet Publ., 192 p. (In Russian)
  7. Garustovich G.N., Tureckiy M.A. Dialogue of urban and steppe cultures in the Eurasian space. Materials of the V International Conference dedicated to the memory of G.A. Fedorov-Davydov. October 2–6, 2011. Kazan: Astrahan, 2011, pp. 153–160. (In Russian)
  8. Gluhov A.A. Report on the work of the Gulistan archaeological team of the Volga Humanitarian Institute of the Volgograd State University on the territory of the Leninsky District of the Volgograd Region in 2005. Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, R–1, no. 25967. (In Russian)
  9. Dvornichenko V.V., Zilivinskaya E.D. Medieval burial structures from the Krivaya Luka burial ground in the Astrakhan region. The Lover Volga Archaeological Bulletin. Volgograd, 2005, no. 7, pp. 281–303. (In Russian)
  10. Demidenko S.V. Protective excavations on the left bank of the Tsimlyansk Re­servoir. Historical and archaeological almanac, no. 10. Armavir-Krasnodar-Mosсow, 2011, pp. 108–116. (In Russian)
  11. Egerev V.V. Arhitecture of the City of Bolgar. Materials and research on archeology of the USSR, 1958, no. 61, pp. 360–392. (In Russian)
  12. El’nikov M.V. Protective research of the Golden Horde city “Kinski Vody”. Antiquities on the left side of the Dnieper River. Kyiv-Poltava, 2013, pp. 126–135. (In Ukranian)
  13. Zasypkin B.N. Monuments of architecture of the Crimean Tatars. Crimea. 1927, no. 2, pp. 113–168. (In Russian)
  14. Zilivinskaya E.D., 2010. Golden Horde mausoleums of the North Caucasus. Zolotoordynskaya civilizaciya=Golden Horde civilization. Kazan, 2010, no. 3, pp. 52–69. (In Russian)
  15. Zilivinskaya E.D. Architectural monuments of Madjar based on drawings and descriptions of the 18th century. Materials for the study of the historical and cultural heritage of the North Caucasus. Archeology, local history, museology. Iss. XI. Moscow: Pamyatniki istoricheskoy mysli, 2013, pp. 309–331. (In Russian)
  16. Zilivinskaya E. Architecture of the Golden Horde. Architecture of the Golden Horde. Part I. Religious architecture. Moscow-Kazan: «Otechestvo», 2014. 448 p. (In Russian)
  17. Zilivinskaya E.D. Central Asian parallels in the memorial architecture of Mohshi. Archeology of the Eurasian Steppes, no. 6, 2022, pp. 122–133. (In Russian) https://doi.org/10.24852/2587-6112.2022.6.122.132
  18. Zilivinskaya E.D. Durbe Bey Yude-Sultan in Aziz: history of study, architectural form, issues of dating. Materials on archeology, history and ethnography of Tavria. Vol. XXVII. Simferopol, 2022, pp. 441–466. (In Russian) ttps://doi.org/10.29039/2413-189H.2022.27.441-466
  19. Zilivinskaya E.D., Kaparulina O.A. Unknown drawings of Madjar mausoleums from the collections of the State Russian Museum. Essays on the medieval archeology of the Caucasus. Moscow: Taus, 2013, pp. 82–98. 20. (In Russian)
  20. Zilivinskaya E.D., Kalmenov M.D., Sdykov M.N. Cult complex of the 14th century on the Zhayyk hillfort in Western Kazakhstan. Zolotoordynskaya civilizaciya =Golden Horde civilization. 2016, no. 9, pp. 271–279. (In Russian)
  21. Kastan’e I.A. Antiquities of the Kirghiz steppe and the Orenburg region. Proceedings of the Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission. Vol. XXII. Orenburg, 1910. 332 p. (In Russian)
  22. Kastan’e I.A. Gravestone structures of the Kirghiz steppes. Proceedings of the Orenburg Scientific Archival Commission. Vol. XXVI. Orenburg, 1911. 130 p. (In Russian)
  23. Kirilko V.P. Archaeological study of Muslim mausoleums-durbe in Bakhchisarai. Stratum plus. 2005–2009, no. 6, pp. 439–466. (In Russian)
  24. Kirilko V.P. Chronological paradoxes of the durbe of Muhammad-shah-bey in Bakhchisarai. Povolzhskaya arheologiya=The Volga River Region Archaeology. 2021, no. 2 (36). P. 107–120. https://doi.org/10.24852/pa2021.2.36.107.120 (In Russian)
  25. Kozha M. Monumental ancient Turkic structures of Kazakhstan. Aral-Caspian region in the history and culture of Eurasia. Almaty-Aktobe, 2011, pp. 259–264. (In Russian)
  26. Koran. Translation by I.Yu. Krachkovsky. Moscow: Madzhess, 1990. 367 p. (In Russian)
  27. Masson M.E., Pugachenkova G.A. Gumbez Manas. Moscow: izd-vo i 1-ya tip. Gos. izd-va arhitektury i gradostroitel’stva, 1950. 144 p. (In Russian)
  28. Nemceva N.B., Shvab Yu.Z. Ensemble Shah-i Zinda. Tashkent: izd-vo literatury i iskusstva im. Gafura Gulyama, 1979. 168 p. (In Russian)
  29. Palimpsestova T.B., Runich A.P. On the Essentuki mausoleums and the camp of Uzbek-khan. Soviet archeology. 1974, no. 2, pp. 229–240. (In Russian)
  30. Pal’mov N.N. On the Astrakhan Period in the life of V. N. Tatischev. Pro­ceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 1925, pp. 201–216. (In Russian)
  31. Pugachenkova G.A. On the problem of the emergence of tented mausoleums in Khorasan. Proceedings of the South-Turkmenistan archaeological complex expedition, vol. 1 (Ed. M.E. Masson). Ashkhabad, 1949, pp. 57–77. (In Russian)
  32. Pugachenkova G.A. Ways of development of the architecture of Southern Turkmenistan during the period of slavery and feudalism. Moscow: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1958. 492 p. (In Russian)
  33. Rajs T.T. Seljuks. Nomads – the conquerors of Asia Minor. Moscow: Tsentrpo­ligraf, 2004. 238 p. (In Russian)
  34. Rubruk G. Travels to the Eastern Countries. Giovanni del Plano Carpini. History of the Mongols; Guillem de Rubruk. Travel to Eastern countries; Marco Polo book. Moscow: Mysl, 1997. 461 p. (In Russian)
  35. Usseynov M.A., Bretanickiy L.S., Salamzade A. History of architecture of Azerbaijan. Moscow: Gos. Izd. Po stroitel’stvu, arhitekture i stroitel’nym materialam, 1963. 396 p. (In Russian)
  36. Khmel’nitskiy S. Between the Samanids and the Mongols. Architecture of Central Asia in the 11th – beginning of the 13th centuries. Part I. Berlin-Riga, 1996. 336 p. (In Russian)
  37. Sher Ya.A. Stone statues of Semirechye. Moscow-Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences Publ., 1966. 139 p. (In Russian)
  38. Shestakov P.D. Napominanie o drevnem gorode Madzhare. Proceedings of the IV Archaeological Congress. Vol. 1. Kazan, 1884, pp. 3–16. (In Russian)
  39. Yakovlev A.V. Report on the excavations of the burial mounds of Sharakhalsun 5 on the territory of the Apanasensky district of the Stavropol Territory in 2001. Archive of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, (without a number). (In Russian)
  40. Hillenbrand R. Islamic Architecture. New-York: Columbia University Press, 1994. 645 р.
  41. Magazin für die neue Historie und Geographie. Angelegt von D. Anton Friedrich Büsching. Halle: Curt, 1769–1793. Th. 6. 1771. 556 p.
  42. Pallas P.S. Voyage P.S. Pallas en différentes provinces de l’empire de Russie et dans l’Asie septentrionale. Paris, 1789–1793. Vol. II. Pl. X, p. 428.
  43. Pallas P.S. Bemerkungen auf einer Reise in die südlichen Statthaltersaften des Russischen Reiches in den Jahren 1793–1794. В. I. Leipzig: Martini, 1799. 516 p.
  44. Stierlin H. Turkey from the Selçuks to the Ottomans. Köln: Tashen, 1998. 238 p.
  45. Stierlin H. Persian Art & Architecture. London: Thames & Hudson, 2012. 280 p.

About the author: Emma D. Zilivinskaya – Dr. Sci. (History), Leading Researcher at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (32a, Leninsky Avenue, Moscow 119334, Russian Federation); ORCID: 0000-0002-3485-0359, ResearcherID: G-4161-2018. E-mail: eziliv@mail.ru

Received  August 16, 2023      Accepted for publication November 23, 2023
Published  Online December 29, 2023